Competence Based Recruitment and Selection Free Essays

MZUMBE UNIVERSITY DAR ES SALAAM BUSINESS SCHOOL PROGAMME OF STUDY: MSC. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COURSE: ADVANCED †HRM STUDENT NAME: SYONI MWAKIPEKE †MSC/HRM/DCC/095/T. 11 Question: Competence based enrollment and choice encourages vocation the board in association. We will compose a custom article test on Skill Based Recruitment and Selection or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Talk about. 1. Presentation Competence-based Recruitment and determination is utilized to anticipate the potential occupation execution of the candidates. With the assistance of this technique associations can discover best individuals to accomplish their destinations. The distinctive between conventional enrollment and ability based enlistment and choice is that the subsequent one focused more on formal, quantifiable capabilities. The procedure of competency based enrollment and choice 1. 1 Competency is a transiently steady, barely characterized and trainable ability capacity to finish a hierarchically esteemed planned scribble task effectively. Capabilities have come up as an origination for naming and overseeing capacities, information and abilities and applying them on a wide range of regions. When the competency based methodology is applied candidates’ execution can be foreseen simpler and all the more precisely. It gives more exact estimate of future execution than the testing of information since it likewise clarifies how the information is applied. 1. 2 Competency based enlistment and Selection process The procedure of competency based enrollment and determination includes eleven stages of which first to four stages clarified the enlistment procedure and the rest that is five to eleven characterized how the choice functions. Competency based enlistment and Selection process Step 1 Identify HR and Job enrollment needs Step 2 Complete Job or position documentation Step 3 Identify enrollment sources 1 Step 4 Create enlistment materials and actualize the enrollment procedure Step 5 Determine the determination measures Step 6 Select the candidates Step 7 Train the questioners and direct conduct occasion interviews with the main competitors Step 8 Complete competency appraisal, set up the choice proposal list and select the applicant Step 9 Check the chose candidate’s capability Step 10 Negotiate pay and advantages bundle with the effective applicant and expand a work offer after the bundle has been acknowledged, first by the association and afterward by the competitor Step 11 Validate the determination Results Figure 1. Competency †based enrollment and determination (Dubois Rothwell 2004, p. 113) 1. 3 Advantages of Competency-based enrollment and determination process This technique brings about various focal points, for instance: an) It is result †situated; 2 b) Discrimination is not feasible; ) Identifying reinforcements for positions is simpler; d) Traditional preparing times are less; and e) Employees’ execution levels are higher. 2. COMPETENCY MODELS MANAGEMENT In request to complete competency-based enrollment and choice for a position a competency model is basic to assess candidates. The association can profit by abilities by working up competency models for an occupation job as well as f or a whole association. A competency model alludes to a gathering of capabilities required in a specific activity (OntoHR venture 2010a). However, clearly this isn't the main field that can profit by the idea of competency. Competency the executives can make things simpler for association by encouraging the plan of occupation jobs and its capabilities as indicated by the authoritative target. Employment Design is the subsequent stage after the fulfillment of competency model is work structure. â€Å"Job configuration alludes to the manner in which assignments is joined to shape total employments. † (Robbins Stuart-Kotze, 1987) 2. 1 Challenges of competency-based enlistment However competency-based enrollment and determination has a few difficulties as well, which incorporates: ? A trained way to deal with employment and work examinations is important to the groundwork for the enrollment and determination forms needs additional time; ? Wasteful while enlisting untalented or semiskilled laborers. Be that as it may, if the conditions are appropriate this can be an exceptionally viable strategy to build up an organization’s human capital. 2. 2 ? Advantages of Competency-base enrollment and choice to the Organization When joined with an evaluation of information and experience, utilizing abilities improves precision in surveying people’s appropriateness or potential for various occupations. They help keep questioners and selectors from settling on hurried choices or from evaluating interviewees based on qualities that are not applicable to the activity. ? They can be utilized to help structure the choice procedure †meeting and tests. ? Surveying an up-and-comer against explicit skills explains their qualities and shortcomings; making it simpler to focus on any improvement that might be required should they be selected. 3. COMPETENCY-BASED RECRUITMENT AND CAREER MANAGEMENT Competency-based enrollment assumes significant job in the organizaton’s profession the board plans as it encourages enlistment and determination of representatives with the correct abilities (aptitudes, information and perspectives) for the current task. It helps supervisors in recognizable proof of vocation way of representative right from the earliest starting point, in light of the fact that the vast majority of the activity center abilities are probably going to center and shape individual’s profession goals. This early distinguishing proof aides in structuring an appropriate preparing and advancement plan for individu al worker, these incorporate instructing, tutoring, and different sorts of preparing which assists with forming individual’s profession way. When association has a reasonable thought regarding employee’s qualities and shortcomings, demeanor and conduct, qualities and future desires and aptitudes and capabilities, they can utilize worker abilities and put them at the correct spot. Competency-based enrollment and choice encourages progression and maintenance plan of the association as it cultivates representative skill improvement and the executives through competency-based execution the executives which endowed administrators with the tedious and commendable activity of competency-based execution the board through constant instructing and preparing of workers in order to guarantee that singular possibilities are acknowledged, sustained and created 4. End For current associations whether it be private or open, benefit or not for benefit competencybased enrollment is unavoidable if the firm target understanding its vital objectives using its generally significant and significant assets. In this firm rivalry chiefs need to guarantee that, they eventually use their HR abilities to understand its key target. Inventiveness and advancements in overseeing emplo yee is of more noteworthy incentive in this period particularly the fascination, choice and maintenance of high possible representatives. As administrators and associations are moved from errands achievement to result based execution, representative enlistment and determination has gotten huge in understanding this target. 4 Management ought to guarantee that enlistment depends on skills that are required for the activity being referred to, these abilities must be sensible and quantifiable with the goal that directors and representatives can cooperate to guarantee acknowledgment of these capabilities thus hierarchical destinations. Competency-based enlistment and choice goes connected at the hip with competencybased execution the executives, this involves competency-based prize framework and profession the board. Capability based enlistment and choice encourages vocation the executives in association. Talk about. Accommodation date ninth June 2012 5 The most effective method to refer to Competence Based Recruitment and Selection, Papers Capability Based Recruitment and Selection Free Essays MZUMBE UNIVERSITY DAR ES SALAAM BUSINESS SCHOOL PROGAMME OF STUDY: MSC. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COURSE: ADVANCED †HRM STUDENT NAME: SYONI MWAKIPEKE †MSC/HRM/DCC/095/T. 11 Question: Competence based enrollment and choice encourages vocation the board in association. We will compose a custom exposition test on Ability Based Recruitment and Selection or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Talk about. 1. Presentation Competence-based Recruitment and determination is utilized to anticipate the potential employment execution of the candidates. With the assistance of this strategy associations can discover best individuals to accomplish their targets. The diverse between customary enlistment and fitness based enrollment and determination is that the subsequent one focused more on formal, quantifiable capabilities. The procedure of competency based enlistment and choice 1. 1 Competency is a transiently steady, barely characterized and trainable ability capacity to finish a hierarchically esteemed imminent scribble task effectively. Capabilities have come up as an origination for naming and overseeing capacities, information and abilities and applying them on a wide range of zones. When the competency based methodology is applied candidates’ execution can be foreseen simpler and all the more precisely. It gives more exact estimate of future execution than the testing of information since it likewise clarifies how the information is applied. 1. 2 Competency based enlistment and Selection process The procedure of competency based enrollment and choice includes eleven stages of which first to four stages clarified the enrollment procedure and the rest that is five to eleven characterized how the determination functions. Competency based enrollment and Selection process Step 1 Identify HR and Job enlistment needs Step 2 Complete Job or position documentation Step 3 Identify enlistment sources 1 Step 4 Create enlistment materials and execute the enlistment procedure Step 5 Determine the determination rules Step 6 Select

My Antonia :: Free Essay Writer

My Antonia 1. Jim Burden, a fruitful New York City legal counselor, leaves an associate a diary of his Nebraska youth as a memory of their common companion, Antonia Shimerda. Jim had first shown up in Nebraska at ten years old, when he was made the outing west to live with his grandparents in the wake of winding up as a vagrant in Virginia. On this equivalent train, Jim has his first look at the Shimerdas, a Bohemian migrant family going a similar way. As destiny would have it, the Shimerdas have relocated to a neighboring homestead to the Burdens'. Jim befriends the Shimerda youngsters, particularly Antonia, who is closest to him in age, and anxious to learn English. At her dad's solicitation, Jim starts to mentor Antonia, and both of them spend a significant part of the harvest time investigating their new scene together. Not long after Christmas, disaster hits with the self destruction of Mr. Shimerda. After a passionate memorial service, the Shimerdas retreat into despair, and the Burdens battle to be as pleasing as could be expected under the circumstances. Because of the hardships that the Shimerdas endure, a wedge is driven among Antonia and Jim. Two or after three years, the Burdens choose to move into town, and presently Antonia accepts a position as a maid with a neighboring family, the Harlings. Jim starts to see a greater amount of Antonia indeed, particularly when a moving structure comes to town and breathes life into the social circumstance. Jim's secondary school years immediately find some conclusion, and he is offered a spot at the college in Lincoln. He makes an incredible achievement of his initiation discourse, and spends the mid year working diligently in anticipation of his course of study. Prior to leaving, he takes one final outing out to the wide open with Antonia and her companions, where they assemble to think back about bygone eras together. In Lincoln, Jim devotes himself completely to his investigations, which take up most of his time in the primary 18 months of his course. In the spring of his subsequent year, he starts to see a decent arrangement of Lena Lingard; a mutal companion of his and Antonia's who has consistently captivated Jim. Following a while of theater going and dalliances about town, Jim chooses he needs to make a new beginning of things and gets ready to move to Harvard for his last two years of school.

Discuss how psychological research into false memories has improved Essay

Talk about how mental investigation into bogus recollections has improved the reliabilty of observer declaration - Essay Example The most significant factors in observer recognizable proof incorporate recognition, memory, correspondence and sincerity of the onlooker. Be that as it may, it has been an intense activity for even prepared onlookers to make exact ID of the observer. In this foundation, explore in intellectual brain research regarding the matter of bogus recollections ends up being enormously important and such examinations impact the unwavering quality of onlooker declaration massively. As Daniel L. Schacter implies, test and hypothetical investigations of memory uncover that mistakes, contortions, and deceptions are central parts of recalling and memory. Throughout the previous two decades, there has been reestablished enthusiasm for memory mistakes and twists inside psychotherapy and neuropsychology. â€Å"It is with regards to this discussion that the term ‘false memory’ has come into normal utilization in mental research. Bogus recollections allude to memories that are here and th ere contorted or, in outrageous cases, include recalling occasions that never occurred at all.† (Schacter, 1999, p. 193). Along these lines, mental investigation into bogus recollections can incredibly add to the dependability of onlooker declaration and this paper causes an intelligent investigation of how such assessments to can improve the unwavering quality of observer declaration. ... The discoveries in the ongoing investigations on the improvement of bogus recollections demonstrate that considerate recollections can be misshaped in different manners during the way toward encoding and recovery. As Rowland W. Folensbee keeps up, â€Å"research into bogus recollections doesn't raise doubt about the presence of memory forms that could keep up verifiable awful recollections. Truth be told, late neuroimaging research offers support for the presence of flashbacks that not associated with unequivocal memory forms. (Folensbee, 2007, p. 119). Accordingly, the ongoing examinations on the way toward recouping verifiable recollections have presented another method of understanding the working of bogus recollections and these looks into add to the cognizance of the major parts of memory. It is essential to understand that the psychological therapists have distinguished the event of bogus recollections and the ongoing test inquire about in the zone adds to a superior examinati on of bogus recollections. The noteworthy association between the ongoing mental examination into bogus recollections and the dependability of observer declaration can't be addressed, in light of the fact that the improvements around there of neuropsychological research have added to the unwavering quality of onlooker declaration. One of the center parts of the legal procedure has been the dependability of observer declaration and each endeavor to improve its legitimacy has extraordinary ramifications in lawful brain research. As per Tversky and Fisher, it is basic for the members in the legal procedure to perceive the uncertainty of witness recollections. (Tversky and Fisher, 2000). The ongoing examinations in neuropsychology concerning human memory center around the powerlessness of the

Social learning theory in child psychology Essay

Social learning hypothesis in kid brain science - Essay Example All these hypothetical plans have encouraged youngster clinicians and advisors to comprehend kid conduct as far as the connection among such factors as one’s condition, conduct and mental procedures where positive and negative fortifications assume a significant job in adjusting the child’s standards of conduct. Bandura proceeds to indicate that â€Å"children learn and mirror practices they have seen in other people† and his social learning hypothesis is established on three essential models of observational learning-live, verbal and emblematic model (Cherry). The demonstrating procedure includes four phases consideration, maintenance, propagation and inspiration. This comprehension has been end up being vital in kid brain research as kids disguises a significant number of their standards of conduct and ensuing social issues through perception and displaying from their prompt life condition. In any case, Bandura likewise held that outer or natural fortification alone doesn't regulate conduct; he worried on â€Å"intrinsic support as a type of inner prize, for example, pride, fulfillment, and a feeling of accomplishment† through which the conduct of the individual is formed (Cherry). Subsequently, it is huge that the kid builds up a feeling of inherent support in his conduct al ongside the enormous measure of extraneous fortifications that he gets from others. It is likewise beneficial to investigate how Beg and Beg respect social learning hypothesis regarding kid brain research. For them, social learning hypothesis, truth be told, â€Å"combines fortification learning hypothesis with psychoanalytic ideas and a portion of the experiences of social human studies and sociology† and as such they hold that the support part of social learning hypothesis has got extraordinary importance in regulating the child’s conduct through suitable frameworks of remunerations and disciplines (Beg &Beg 35). One ought to likewise shoulder as a top priority that later the idea of remunerations and disciplines gave way

Critical Thinking Paper Writing Services

Critical Thinking Paper Writing ServicesCritical thinking paper writing services are essential to online business owners as well as small businesses. An online business has a great many risks involved, so the ability to think critically and move fast are invaluable. These services should provide you with a wide range of options to choose from, allowing you to get started with the right type of paper for your online business needs.Many times, businesses struggle to come up with a good idea to use for their paper. A great many business owners will use the same paper all the time, meaning they use the same pages and templates, not knowing what to do with them. They often don't even make use of any specific ideas. For this reason, paper writing services should provide you with a wide variety of options so you can find one that's suited to your needs.Not only will your paper be unique but it will also be timely. Most paper writing services use a rolling paper style, so the paper will be p repared and ready to be used immediately. No more having to wait hours in the middle of the night for your paper to dry or sit on the printer in the office to dry. The paper will be ready to go in no time at all.The other advantage to using these services is that the paper will be produced quickly and at a cost you can easily afford. Not only will you save money on production costs, but you will save money on shipping and handling as well. You don't want to have to pay high fees just to have your paper printed, so make sure you do your homework when looking for your paper products.The benefits of using these services extend beyond simply having the paper printed. These types of businesses specialize in working with various kinds of writers who work with diverse materials. For example, if you need something written specifically for your website, they have a great deal of experience working with various types of web sites.These services can also be used to write promotional pieces for your online business. If you need something written about your company, these services can get you those pieces done quickly and conveniently. This will help the company, as well as you become more visible online, allowing your brand to get out there and reach more people.Having a unique identity online can be hard to come by, but critical thinking and new ideas can help. Having unique information for your website can also help with search engine optimization (SEO). The more people that find your site through the internet, the more chances you have of getting traffic.Having a unique identity in place can allow you to attract more clients and keep them longer, which can in turn lead to a long term benefit of higher profits for your business. This is why your business should consider these services to help you get started. These services will help you create effective papers and sales pitches for your company.

Religion and Health Care Shouldnt Mixâ€A Contraceptive Conundrum

A good portion of what I do as a family practice Physician Assistant involves counseling women and men about birth control. I have also gone to public schools and counseled junior high school students about puberty and sex. One thing is for certain the answer to solving America's health care problems is definitely not placing restrictions or further boundaries on access to safe, effective contraception. Of course right now in the news a big debate is raging over weather or not religious institutions should be required to provide family planning services. These are often the same religious institutions that aim to curb the ever rising rates of abortion. To me this seems backwards. If I dont believe in smoking is the best way to curb the rising rates really by denying my patients a prescription for Chantix? The Contraceptive Conundrum Of the six million pregnancies that occur among American women each year, nearly half are unintended. As a result, American women experience 1.4 million unplanned births and 1.3 million abortions annually. In 2007 The Alan Guttmacher Institute, which specializes in reproductive health issues, released a massive study showing that abortion rates rise and fall in synch with the availability of family planning services. From the Guttmacher Institute's news release, its study, and the Washington Post report, we learn that states which fund programs to make family planning services widely accessible had lower rates of unplanned pregnancies -- and women having abortions. In recent years, many states cut back on these programs, making poor women and girls more likely to have unintended pregnancies. Meanwhile, the religious right is aggressively campaigning both to end the availability of abortion and to limit access to contraception. The United States has sky-high rates of unplanned pregnancies and abortions. As Guttmacher President Sharon L. Camp told the Washington Post, "Unintended pregnancy in the United States is twice as high as in most of Western Europe. As a direct result, abortion rates are twice or three times as high as European countries. There is no reason why abortion rates need to be as high as they are. At What Cost? The direct medical costs of unintended pregnancies were US$9.4 billion in 2002. Direct medical cost savings due to contraceptive use were US $12 billion. National Cost of Teen Childbearing Teen childbearing in the United States cost taxpayers (federal, state, and local) at least $10.9 billion in 2008, according to an updated analysis by The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. Most of the costs of teen childbearing are associated with negative consequences for the children of teen mothers, including increased costs for health care, foster care, incarceration, and lost tax revenue. Contraception, unsafe abortions and complicated pregnancies The risk of a woman dying from pregnancy-related causes during her lifetime is about 1 in 4,800 in the USA and 1 in 17,400 in Sweden as compared to 1 in 7 in Niger. Worldwide some 200 million women of childbearing age want to delay or avoid pregnancy, but 137 million use no method of contraception at all. Every year, 190 million women become pregnant, at least a third of them unintentionally. Nearly 50 million women resort to abortion every year, and 19 million are done under unsafe conditions. An estimated 68,000 women die each year as a result. Millions more suffer infections and other complications, such as infertility. Family planning can prevent the serious health consequences of becoming pregnant within six months of an abortion (anemia, membrane rupture, low-birth weight, preterm delivery). Contraceptive use drastically reduces the chances of unintended pregnancy. Over the course of a year, only 8% of women using the pill will become pregnant, compared with 85% of sexually active women not using contraceptives. This fact alone helps explain why the 7% of U.S. women at risk of unintended pregnancy who do not practice contraception account for almost half of the country's unintended pregnancies. WOMEN IN NEED OF CONTRACEPTION, 2000 State Overall, # in 000s With public support % of all # in 000s U.S. Total 33,983 48.2 16,396 Alabama 496 55.6 276 Alaska 72 44.4 32 Arizona 606 52.0 315 Arkansas 280 58.9 165 California 4,281 49.3 2,111 Colorado 537 42.6 229 Connecticut 438 36.8 161 Delaware 93 43.0 40 District of Columbia 85 48.2 41 Florida 1,699 49.9 848 Georgia 988 47.8 472 Hawaii 138 44.2 61 Idaho 141 56.7 80 Illinois 1,568 44.3 694 Indiana 735 48.6 357 Iowa 325 52.0 169 Kansas 309 50.8 157 Kentucky 442 54.3 240 Louisiana 520 59.4 309 Maine 152 52.0 79 Maryland 637 38.1 243 Massachusetts 880 38.0 334 Michigan 1,215 46.3 562 Minnesota 598 42.3 253 Mississippi 310 62.6 194 Missouri 665 51.4 342 Montana 89 61.8 55 Nebraska 197 51.8 102 Nevada 239 46.0 110 New Hampshire 158 39.9 63 New Jersey 1,101 35.9 395 New Mexico 207 61.4 127 New York 2,557 46.7 1,195 North Carolina 924 49.2 455 North Dakota 72 58.3 42 Ohio 1,369 48.1 658 Oklahoma 372 58.3 217 Oregon 390 50.5 197 Pennsylvania 1,528 46.8 715 Rhode Island 143 46.2 66 South Carolina 458 53.3 244 South Dakota 82 57.3 47 Tennessee 646 51.2 331 Texas 2,469 52.8 1,304 Utah 292 50.3 147 Vermont 72 52.8 38 Virginia 835 43.8 366 Washington 708 45.1 319 West Virginia 182 60.4 110 Wisconsin 634 46.4 294 Wyoming 51 56.9 29 Source: The Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI), Women in Need of Contraceptive Services and Supplies, 2000, AGI, 2003, www.guttmacher.org/pubs/win/index.html. Some Final thoughts I know there is a ton of data here. But I think it comes down to this. If the goal of the religious right is to save lives then they need to preserve access to contraception. If conservatives want to save money and reduce taxes then they need to preserve access to contraception. If conservatives want to protect the constitution then they need to remove a biased religious based judgment from medical decision making. And this is why religion and health careshouldn'tmix! You may also like -How Much Does it Cost to go to Physician Assistant (PA) School?So you are considering PA school? Great, now how are you going to pay for it? With the average undergraduate education debt prior to PA school at $36,300 and the average anticipateddebt load from PA school at $112,500 it's probably []2015 Physician Assistant Program Tuition and Cost Comparison Table Updated 2015 Physician Assistant Program tuition and cost comparison table. Tuition and cost data for resident andnonresidenttuition including length/duration of the PA program. Based on this 2015 data table: Average cost []Does PA Program Length Matter? In a time long, long ago, just before the release of the first iPhone, I graduated from the UMDNJ (now Rutgers) PA program. It was a three-year PA program with a nearly 100% PANCE pass rate. At the time, Rutgers was one of the best []

Theory Definition in Science

The definition of a theory in science is very different from the everyday usage of the word. In fact, its usually called a scientific theory to clarify the distinction. In the context of science, a theory is a well-established explanation for scientific data. Theories typically cannot be proven, but they can become established if they are tested by several different scientific investigators. A theory can be disproven by a single contrary result. Key Takeaways: Scientific Theory In science, a theory is an explanation of the natural world that has been repeatedly tested and verified using the scientific method.In common usage, the word theory means something very different. It could refer to a speculative guess.Scientific theories are testable and falsifiable. That is, its possible a theory might be disproven.Examples of theories include the theory of relativity and the theory of evolution. Examples There are many different examples of scientific theories in different disciplines. Examples include: Physics: the big bang theory, atomic theory, theory of relativity, quantum field theoryBiology: the theory of evolution, cell theory, dual inheritance theoryChemistry: the kinetic theory of gases, valence bond theory, Lewis theory, molecular orbital theoryGeology: plate tectonics theoryClimatology: climate change theory Key Criteria for a Theory There are certain criteria which must be fulfilled for a description to be a theory. A theory is not simply any description that can be used to make predictions! A theory must do all of the following: It must be well-supported by many independent pieces of evidence.It must be falsifiable. In other words, it must be possible to test a theory at some point.It must be consistent with existing experimental results and able to predict outcomes at least as accurately as any existing theories. Some theories may be adapted or changed over time to better explain and predict behavior. A good theory can be used to predict natural events that have not occurred yet or have yet to be observed. Value of Disproven Theories Over time, some theories have been shown to be incorrect. However, not all discarded theories are useless. For example, we now know Newtonian mechanics is incorrect under conditions approaching the speed of light and in certain frames of reference. The theory of relativity was proposed to better explain mechanics. Yet, at ordinary speeds, Newtonian mechanics accurately explains and predicts real-world behavior. Its equations are much easier to work with, so Newtonian mechanics remains in use for general physics. In chemistry, there are many different theories of acids and bases. They involve different explanations for how acids and bases work (e.g., hydrogen ion transfer, proton transfer, electron transfer). Some theories, which are known to be incorrect under certain conditions, remain useful in predicting chemical behavior and making calculations. Theory vs. Law Both scientific theories and scientific laws are the result of testing hypotheses via the scientific method. Both theories and laws may be used to make predictions about natural behavior. However, theories explain why something works, while laws simply describe behavior under given conditions. Theories do not change into laws; laws do not change into theories. Both laws and theories may be falsified but contrary evidence. Theory vs. Hypothesis A hypothesis is a proposition which requires testing. Theories are the result of many tested hypotheses. Theory vs Fact While theories are well-supported and may be true, they are not the same as facts. Facts are irrefutable, while a contrary result may disprove a theory. Theory vs. Model Models and theories share common elements, but a theory both describes and explains while a model simply describes. Both models and theory may be used to make predictions and develop hypotheses. Sources Frigg, Roman (2006). Scientific Representation and the Semantic View of Theories. Theoria. 55 (2): 183–206.  Halvorson, Hans (2012). What Scientific Theories Could Not Be. Philosophy of Science. 79 (2): 183–206. doi:10.1086/664745McComas, William F. (December 30, 2013). The Language of Science Education: An Expanded Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts in Science Teaching and Learning. Springer Science Business Media. ISBN 978-94-6209-497-0.National Academy of Sciences (US) (1999). Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences (2nd ed.). National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/6024 ISBN 978-0-309-06406-4.  Suppe, Frederick (1998). Understanding Scientific Theories: An Assessment of Developments, 1969–1998. Philosophy of Science. 67: S102–S115. doi:10.1086/392812

Western Exportation Of Contemporary Casino Leisure

The casino environment is a space of which I am quite familiar. I have spent a considerable proportion of my working life on the casino floor. During my time working for Crown and for other operations, I spent the majority of those years in the VIP gaming rooms that specially catered for specific ethnicities. There are various factors that contribute to the relationship between casinos and the Chinese and Vietnamese peoples. In the following essay I explore the Western exportation of contemporary casino leisure and entertainment spaces to Asia. I examine the spaces and environments casinos produce and how Asian cultural groups use and inhabit them. I expand to contextualize the casino as a venue for entertainment and its function contributing to behavioral and cultural practices of expatriate migrant communities. I conclude by proposing that disruption of the gambling industry from online alternatives will impact social behaviors of communities’ in ways that may contribute to adaptations of interpersonal connections and cultural exchanges for people of Chinese and Vietnamese cultural identities. The Japanese parliament has recently delayed hearings regarding legalizing casino gambling for the remainder of the year. Legal forms of gambling in Japan, such as Pachinko or sports and race wagering exist without a human adversary and are experiencing a rapidly declining opportunities for human interaction for the user experience. Live table games offer significantly more human

Jumping The Gun On Gun Control - 1813 Words

Jumping The Gun On Gun Control The Second Amendment of the United States Constitution reads, A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. The right to bear arms is not just a right given to American citizens by our forefathers, it is a God given right. In response to recent mass murders involving firearms, gun control advocates have heightened the urgency to increase gun control laws. Ever since Eve took a bite of the forbidden apple, evil has existed in the world, however it is of paramount importance to realize who the real culprits of these evils are; guns are not to blame. Just as spoons do not make people fat and pencils do not do math problems wrong, guns do not kill people. People kill people. According to Steve Nolan, Co-Founder of SurvivalWeek.com and publisher of The Beacon, American gun owners use their guns almost 2.5 million times per year to ward off criminal attacks. Often times, a gun does not even have to be fired to scare away an attacker. In the event of a robbery, most criminals will flee simply at the threat of being shot. We continually hear about the evil that guns cause and the detriment to society that gun owners are, however, the media fails to mention the tremendous amount of lives saved by guns being used defensively. When 2.5 million lives are saved annually as opposed to the 11,000 lost annually due to gun related homicides, it is clear thatShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Gun Control895 Words   |  4 PagesGun control is people control. A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Without our second amendment right the people of the United States of America would be susceptible to abuse from a tyrannical government, and unable to defend themselves from the criminals within society. The theory of gun control has become a controversial topic due to recent mass shootings that call into question the safetyRead MoreThere Are Four Main Ideological Perspectives In The Political1302 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernmental health care. They would prefer the government take a few steps back when it comes to providing the public with things like welfare, social security, or health care. Conservatives want the government to have more control in social issues and therefore the control on abortion and gay marriage. They also want to maintain traditional â€Å"American† values and like the government to provide people with freedom to make their own decisions in order to reach their goals. These are two general explanationsRead MoreGun Control And The Rights Issue Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesGun control is a topic that has been discussed for many years now. 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That’s what the families of victims in Sandy Hook said. Gun controlRead MoreFinal Draft for English Comp 21245 Words   |  5 PagesNicholson August 22, 2010 Unit 5 Individual Project ENG107-Shana Koh ABSTRACT Gun laws have changed over the past few years. There are many laws pertaining to the legal and illegal possession of a fire-arm. The gun laws are pretty strict. In most cities they are not being enforced and too many individuals are being murdered for no reason at all. This paper will explain the numerous laws and the reasons for those laws. Gun laws have become a popular topic in the news today. Everyday there are storiesRead MoreDoes The Second Amendment Have A Place? Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagespeople. I’m from the south. However, I am liberal, I come from a long line of conservative republicans and war veterans. Not to mention, my mother, by the age of 15, could take apart and put back together a machine gun. Guns as a hobby, I can respect, but it isn’t my cup of tea. Guns are dangerous, regardless if I am, or if the person holding one is. We owe it to ourselves, and to our fellow Americans to want to make the country we call home safer with every generation. The second amendment readsRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Laws1672 Words   |  7 Pagesthe legal right to own a weapon that could end your life? Gun control in America has been a long fought out debate. Republicans typically believe that it should be entirely legal for Americans to own guns because it is their right from the Constitution and they need it to defend themselves. Democrats typically believe that guns should not be legal because they are dangerous weapons and they can be abused by violent people. The debate over gun laws has continued to divide American because of the manyRead MoreMichael Moore s Bowling For Columbine Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesworsen for their own benefit through creating this documentary. It is clear that Moore loves his country but hates its current politics which is why he decided to make Bowling for Columbine as it both highlights the issues surrounding Americas current Gun laws whilst investigating the truth behind the Columbine Massacre and th e political events leading up to this tragedy. This reading will explore Michael Moores political stance whilst investigating the power of the NRA (national rifle association) andRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control2239 Words   |  9 PagesThe topic of gun control is always discussed in various conversations. Lately, the topic has been brought up a lot more from all the shootings going on in the country. Since then the government has become extremely strict about selling and buying guns and everything about them. But, should the government regulate the buying and selling of guns or should they regulate the owners of the guns? Should the government make sure the owners of the guns are using them in the right way and making sure theyRead MoreDescriptive Essay : Waiting Is The Hard Part 1729 Words   |  7 Pagesthe streets of London. This person better hurry up, I’m starting to cramp up. The doors suddenly burst open and a very thin man dressed in all black and wearing a ski mask runs in. Obviously the guards have been taken out so I spring into action. Jumping up from the corner, I block his way with my arm. He runs full force into my arm and falls on his back, winded. I go to pull off his mask but he swings his legs around tripping me up. I fall hard onto the floor, hitting my head. As the world swims

Fast Food And Childhood Obesity - 1166 Words

â€Å"Childhood obesity is a serious epidemic, affecting children across the world. In our country alone, 17% of all children and adolescents are now obese, triple the rate from just a generation ago† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2011). This drastic increase leads researchers and ordinary citizens alike to speculate about possible causes. Fast food consumption is one potential cause that has received widespread attention. Many researchers have looked at the relationship between fast food and childhood obesity from different angles. Some of these include the influence of family, the media, the proximity of fast food restaurants to schools and homes, and the nutritional impact. Examining the interconnection of these angles can lead to a better understanding of the relationship between childhood obesity and fast food, and from this multi-angle viewpoint, we can see that no single aspect is solely to blame. FAMILY INFLUENCE It is no secret that children learn their first eating habits from home. For the parents who are often being tugged in many different directions, having an endless amount of responsibilities and obligations, fast food can become an alternative to cooking at home. Though it may be convenient for the parent, it may not be the healthiest for the child. Even though fast food restaurants have kid-friendly options on the menu, the nutritional value may not be the best. Parents may not realize it, but they haveShow MoreRelatedFast Food and Childhood Obesity Essay1335 Words   |  6 PagesAdvertisement and Childhood Obesity ENGL/101-B25 Would you feed your children lard? The answer for most all of us is â€Å"No Way†. Most parents can safely say that they want healthy choices for their children and would never want to give them something that is bad for them. However, with many of the foods on fast food menus this is not far from the truth. We have all heard the statement that childhood obesity is on the rise, and has been for quite some time now. We have seen the heartbreaking storiesRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is The Consumption Of Fast Food970 Words   |  4 Pages Childhood obesity in the United States has been increasing for the last thirty years. Obesity is defined as an excessive amount of fat located in the body and it varies with the individual s height and age. For example, what is considered obese weight for someone may be different to another person. In addition, some of the causes of obesity are excessive junk food, lack of motivation to exercise and lack of knowledge about nutrition and fitness . Often times, children do not consider the nutritionalRead MoreFast Food Advertising and Childhood Obesity1870 Words   |  8 PagesFast Food Advertising And Childhood Obesity A rise in obesity has been observed in the United States in the last two decades. Obesity is one problem that gives birth to numerous fatal diseases, including but not limited to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depression. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted a survey and found that, â€Å"More than one-third of U.S. adults (35.7%) and approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years are obese†Read MoreFast Food and the Risk of Childhood Obesity Essay1774 Words   |  8 PagesThe fast food industry promotes childhood obesity by manipulating the young mind, putting them at risk for health complications such as hypertension and diabetes. The super-sizing of America is been a frequently talked about subject lately. Especially since it is seem to have negative effects on the health of children and adults alike through massive consumption of fast food. Health providers and other authority figures are now concerned abou t children’s obesity rates shown during the past 3-4 decadesRead MoreLinking Childhood Obesity to Fast Food Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagesin the world. Our nation has slowly gravitated towards fast food, allowing for a new industry to explode and expand over the past few decades. This monumental fast food industry has become a symbol of America and our diets. Fast food is convenient, quick, and cheap, requiring hardly any effort. It is the perfect formula for our fast-paced nation and suffering economy. The problem is shown through our sky-high rate of obesity. Though fast food has some short-term benefits like saving time and a fewRead More Childhood Obesity and Fast Food Essay examples1643 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years there has been a growing epidemic of obesity, especially in America. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey posted on the Center for Disease Control website there are 12.5 million children from ages 2 through 19 that are o bese. Many people are starting to complain that the commercials and ads for these restaurants are the result of such an incline in obesity. Although there have been current ad campaigns aiming at children to live a healthy life style thereRead MoreIs Fast Food Really The Main Reason For Childhood Obesity?907 Words   |  4 PagesIs fast food really the main reason for the rise in childhood obesity? No, it is not their fault. In fact, I believe the main reason for childhood obesity is the parents. Most parents care about their kids but yet they allow them to eat unhealthy food, watch television for long periods of time, and reward them with food. Although, the cause of childhood obesity is debated. Two of the main causes is food choices and advertisements. Exercise is critical, it is an important part in keeping your bodyRead MoreChildhood Obesity: Fast Food Companies Are To Blame Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesSince the fast food industry is targeting America’s youth, provid ing healthier options on children’s menus will reduce the rate of childhood obesity and allow for a healthy future. According to â€Å"Burger Battles† from the Weekly Reader, obesity is defined as a person whose weight is 20 percent higher than recommended for their height (Burger Battles 1). When this condition begins to affect children lives, it is then known as childhood obesity. Within the United States of America, around 15 percentRead MoreMan Vs. Food : Fast Food Can Contribute To Childhood Obesity1267 Words   |  6 Pages Man vs. Food: Fast Food Can Contribute to Childhood Obesity The United States of America has always been a safe and well-constructed country. Over the past years, it has tried to progress in numerous ways. However, America is suffering daily from obesity issues that can be prevented. America is becoming uncontrollable when it comes down to the consumption of too much fast food. When fast food was introduced to Americans, it had many advantages. These advantages have suddenly converted into disadvantagesRead MoreFast Food Restaurants, Childhood Obesity, and Healthy Eating Habits3327 Words   |  13 Pages Fast Food Restaurants, Childhood Obesity, and Healthy Eating Habits Today, fast food restaurants are often blamed for childhood obesity. This is however a simplistic point of view, there are a number of factors that contribute to the current epidemic of childhood obesity. When all is said and done, the responsibly of teaching children healthy eating habits and encouraging regular exercise to mitigate this problem lies with parents. It is estimated that as many as one in five Americans is obese

Seismic Performance Assessment For Vulnerability Analysis...

State of the Review on Seismic Performance Assessment for vulnerability analysis of RC Buildings Summary Keywords Introduction The paper is intended to present some studies undertaken in order to develop a seismic vulnerability estimation system to fit the needs of development of earthquake scenarios and of development of an integrated disaster risk management system for India. Figure 1: The components of seismic risk assessment and choices for the vulnerability assessment procedure; the bold path shows a traditional assessment method (Calvi et al. 2006). Seismic Hazard Hazard analysis is the process of quantitatively estimating the ground motion at a site or region of interest based on the characteristics of surrounding seismic sources. This study falls primarily within the disciplines of geology and seismology with input from civil engineering (FEMA, 1989). The basic methodology of hazard analysis is comprised of source modeling, wave attenuation, and local ground amplification. Deterministic Probabilistic Probabilistic assessment of seismic hazard involves determining either the probability of exceeding a specified ground motion, or the ground motion that has a specified probability of being exceeded over a particular time period. Elements/Exposure at Risk Vulnerability assessment should be done for a building that represents a building stock. This requires a standard systematic inventory system that classifies the structures according to their type,Show MoreRelatedCissp Study Guide67657 Words   |  271 Pagesthe following are basic components of a security policy EXCEPT the A. definition of the issue and statement of relevant terms. B. statement of roles and responsibilities C. statement of applicability and compliance requirements. D. statement of performance of characteristics and requirements. Answer: D Explanation: Policies are considered the first and highest level of documentation, from which the lower level elements of standards, procedures, and guidelines flow. This order , however, does not meanRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesSWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure [9.1.3] 9.1.1 Organization charts 1.4.4 Project offices Chapter 4 9.2 Building the team (.1.3) [3.5.3] [App G.2 Building teams] 9.4 Managing the team 9.3.2 Team building activities 9.2.4 Virtual teams 9.3.3.1 Team performance [9.4

Financial Information System free essay sample

A financial information system (FIS) accumulates and analyzes financial data used for optimal financial planning and forecasting decisions and outcomes. FIS is used in conjunction with a decision support system, and it helps a firm attain its financial objectives because they use a minimal amount of resources relative to a predetermined margin of safety. FIS can be thought of as a financial planner for electronic commerce that can also produce large amounts of market and financial data at once obtained from financial databases worldwide. Financial data analysis may be conducted through trend evaluations, ratio analyses and financial planning modeling. Data outputs that are produced by FIS can include operating and capital budgets, working capital reports, accounting reports and cash flow forecasts. The predictive analytics included in these applications may also narrow down exactly what could be expected from a business interaction or transaction that has yet to take place. The management of financial information in an e-commerce business is paramount in order to gain maximum operating results in the shortest amount of time. An FIS can also yield huge amounts of data for daily business operations. Financial markets traders and salespeople have the greatest demand for FIS because they work in very fast environments and their on-demand computing systems must keep up with real-time activities in order to allow these professionals to operate in real time. Broker investigating, investment and trade data along with fiscal asset classes can be relayed through an FIS. This also works for smaller businesses that need to obtain financial data about local markets. FIS is a form of real-time operating system that works to enhance financial information exchanges. Term for a system that accumulates and analyzes financial data in order to make good financial management decisions in running the business. The basic objective of the financial information system is to meet the firms financial obligations as they come due, using the minimal amount of financial resources consistent with an established margin of safety. Outputs generated by the system include accounting reports, operating and capital budgets, working capital reports, cash flow forecast, and various what if analysis eports. The evaluation of financial data may be performed through ratio analysis, trend evaluation, and financial planning modeling. Financial planning and forecasting are facilitated if used in conjunction with a DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (DSS). Features of FIS Main Modules Systems typically have three main modules. The financial accounting module records all accounting and financial transactions and produces financial statements. Funds management identifies funding sources and overall spending consistent with budgets. Controlling tracks revenue and expenses for each project or department. Processes and modules within IFIS: The following services and features are available through IFIS * Accounts Payable allows online entry of invoices and maintenance of vendor data. * Budget and Staffing provides input, storage, maintenance, and reporting of budget and staffing data. * Chart of Accounts (COA) provides codes necessary for recording, organizing, and reporting financial information. * Communications defines groups and tracks notices, bulletins, and announcements. Express Order enables online reporting, placement of telephone orders to vendors, and invoice remittances. General Accounting encompasses fund accounting, chart of accounts, system table maintenance and update, and grants and contract accounting. * Person/ Entity records and maintains basic information on individuals and entities such as vendors, third parties, and institutions. * Purchasing facilitates buying activities, such as requests for goods and services, and online ordering and buying. * Security maintains all IFIS security activities. * Travel enables online reporting and maintenance of travel accounting. * Utilities contain additional table maintenance and system features used throughout IFIS. Availability Major global software providers such as Oracle and SAP develop and sell financial information systems. Increasingly, systems are available as Internet-based applications that need not be installed on company servers. Cost Systems are not cheap. Costs include the initial software license, system installation and integration, annual maintenance contracts for support and upgrades, and staff training on system features and use. Implementation Systems need to be integrated with other business applications such as Human Resources modules on pay and benefits. Therefore, businesses often hire integration specialists. System deployment and integration is complex and time consuming, and raises overall cost Benefits A financial information system is not suitable for everyone. Due to its complexity and cost, it is better suited for medium- and large-sized organizations. Types of FIS Accounting Software Business size and needs determine the type of account software needed. A basic accounting software program can assist a business with invoicing and financial statement reporting but is limited for complex organizations, particularly ones with overseas operations. A sophisticated accounting program can incorporate sales, audit, treasury (cash management), inventory tracking and other functions. For a company with overseas operations, a sophisticated financial information system can integrate various parts of the business operations, taking into account currency conversion. Mid-Market A company needs great enhanced financial information as it becomes larger and more complex. Accounting functionality is usually bundled in a robust software package as part of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) program. ERP software combines all processes and data used by a business into a single system. A mid-market ERP program can accommodate a business with 10 to 100 employees and revenue of $10 to $50 million. Mid-market ERP software offers database capabilities and better analytics. An example of a mid-market ERP program is SAP Business One. A mid-market ERP program can cost a company as much as $75,000 as of 2011. High-End Systems Companies such as IBM utilize high-end ERP software to handle their vast operations. Examples of high-end ERP vendors include SAP, PeopleSoft, Great Plains and Oracle. A high-end financial information system can cost as much as $500,000 as of 2011 and, depending on business needs, can run into the millions of dollars. Vertical Vertical financial information systems are often proprietary in nature so no two systems are alike, even for companies within the same industry. For example, a bank can use vertical accounting software to analyze profitability by specific banking product and identify profitability by branch location. Considerations Before considering a financial information system, perform a cost-benefit analysis. You must not only account for cost but how the system should fit your business needs and whether it can grow with your business. You also have to consider implementation time, training and customer support. System Complexity * FIS is far more complex, but more dynamic, than the current FRS system. * Transactions flow through multiple modules * User training is critical and will be required to fully utilize the system. Background Current hardware based on IBM mainframe * Old technology * Expensive to maintain (Maintenance and repair parts) New System is Oracle Based * Very Robust, Modular System * Web based access Enhanced ability to encumber funds * Enhanced capabilities and future growth * Enhanced ad-hoc reporting with access to University Wide data What Are the Benefits of Financial Information Systems? A financial information system (FIS) is charged with monitoring finances within an organization or business. It takes complex data and processes it into specialized reports, saving time and effort in dealing with business accounting. While financial information systems have many benefits, it should be noted that having an FIS in place can be costly and usually requires training for those people operating the system. Accounting The center of a financial information system will be found in accounting. This area looks at the overall financial picture of a project, business or individual, incorporating both accounts payable and accounts receivable. The larger the project, the more beneficial a financial information system becomes. While an advanced system might not be necessary for an individual financial account, an organizations finances can be tracked through a financial information system. Funds Another benefit to having a financial information system in place is seen with funding. The FIS examines where funds are coming in and where funds are going out. Unlike accounting, however, FIS can make use of rigid budget controls. This enables a user to quickly identify whether or not a financial situation is developing. If funding has been designated for Maintenance for $200,000 and several servers go down and require immediate repair in the amount of $215,000, the FIS program will indicate that funding has gone over budget and will require changes to be made to the budget. Reporting Reporting is another benefit to having an FIS in place. By allowing users to examine reports on any aspect of the financial data, it assists in keeping track of past expenses, as well as projecting future expenses. In addition, it helps identify different departments and divisions that consistently go over budget, as well as which departments operate within their budget, and even which departments actually come in under budget. Specialization Specialized financial information systems are available, ranging from those designed for stock brokers and traders to medical institutions. Financial information systems used in stocks and bonds are designed to provide near-instant financial market data, projecting trends, keeping track of stock sales, and generally gathering and disseminating stock market data as quickly as possible. A medical FIS would contain patient information as it relates to payment costs for insurance purposes, as well as an extensive database of insurance claims, insurance payouts and anything else related to a medical offices finances. The Disadvantages of Accounting Information Systems Learning the System Learning an accounting information system can often be difficult and time-consuming. Individuals must be trained on a system, and this can cause a disadvantage to companies in terms of time and manpower. An accounting information system is made up of many different components, and almost all systems are computerized. Because of their complexity, some people may find them hard to use. It can take weeks or months for a person to understand an accounting system, and usually the individual still does not understand completely what the system is capable of. If the employee quits working at the organization, it can take weeks or months, once again, to train another employee. Loss of Information Accounting information systems are usually computerized. Because of this, there is always a risk of losing information through power outages or system crashes. When this happens, there is a chance that all the information in the system could be lost. Companies take precautions for this problem by backing up their files regularly and performing standard maintenance on all computer systems. They also install anti-virus software as another precaution. Still, none of these steps eliminates the potential problem that may occur. Accounting information systems store a companys financial information for years. If a system crash occurs, it causes a major disadvantage to the company. All, or some, information is lost, and theres a chance it may never be recovered. Re-evaluation Companies often change their way of doing business to keep up with the latest trends. To keep up in a demanding business world, these changes may impact an accounting system. An accounting information system is difficult to set up because every company is unique in its own way. In order to keep up with changes, accounting information systems must be re-evaluated often. Changes often need to be made in a system in order to process information efficiently. This can be a disadvantage to companies because it takes time for the re-evaluation, and it costs money.

Different Types of Threat in IT-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Identify a recently announced security vulnerability and write a profile of the threat. The profile should contain the name of the threat, the systems it attacks, how it performs its attack, mitigation strategies and concluding reflection. Answer: Introduction Information security is a major concern for most of the organizations today. This helps in protecting the integrity, confidentiality and the availability of data of computer system from the malicious systems. Information security is all about dealing with risk management. Some effective cryptographic tools are able to maintain the security of the different systems and mitigate the issues. The organizations take various precautionary measures in keeping their data secured and safe from the attackers. Still, there are chances that the machines will be attacked by bugs and malicious devices. The report takes into consideration the effects of the bug, DROWN and the mitigating options. Different types of threats There are various types of vulnerabilities that have come up in the recent years. Some of them have been mentioned in the table below. Year Name Vulnerability Mitigation 2016 DROWN Sites supporting SSLv2 and EXPORT cipher suites Disabling SSLv2 and/or updating OpenSSL. 2015 Logjam Servers that use Duffie-hellman key exchange are very much vulnerable to having the sessions downgraded to extremely week 512-bit k Mitigation can be done by disabling the DHE_EXPORT ciphers and clients must upgrade their browsers. 2015 FREAK Clients are forced to downgrade from strong RSA to export RSA since both the browser and the server are vulnerable. Mitigation is possible by disabling the export ciphers in the configuration of servers. Patching of the OpenSSL is also an option of mitigation. 2015 Bar Mitzvah Attack Exploits the encryption of RC4. The mitigation option is the disability of RC4. 2014 POODLE The server has the chance to fall back to SSLv3. Disability of the SSLv3 and the implementation of TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV. DROWN One of the most recent attack is the DROWN attack which is a cross-protocol security bug (Aviram et al., 2016). It is a serious threat that has the capability to affect HTTPS and several other services that depend on TLS and SSL, two significant cryptographic protocols for maintaining the security of internet. DROWN breaks the encryption and read as well as steal the sensitive information, communication, credit card numbers, passwords, trade secrets and financial data. As per the research, around 33% of all the HTTPS servers are able to be attacked by the bug (Tian et al., 2014). Figure 1.: Working of DROWN (Source: Chowdhury, Karmakar Kamruzzaman, 2017) It can affect all types of servers offering services encrypted with TLS but supporting the SSLv2. DROWN helps in exploitation of risks for a combination of protocols that are used as well as configuration of servers (Bozic et al., 2017). This exploitation takes into account a chosen-ciphertext attack with the help of SSLv2 server as Bleichenbacher oracle. Conclusion The report has inferred various mitigation techniques of DROWN. Other techniques have been included like the network administrators have to ensure that apart from the application of the patches, the private keys are not reused on any types of Web servers, IMAP and POP servers, SMTP servers and any other unmanaged software that can provide support to the SSL or TLS. As per the analysis, this will help in establishing the connection of SSLv2. The IPS devices must be set in such a way that it can filter out SSLv2 traffic. The embedded devices should use different RSA private keys to keep the systems protected. The report gives an in-depth insight into how the effects of DROWN can be mitigated to keep the systems safe in home and offices. References Aviram, N., Schinzel, S., Somorovsky, J., Heninger, N., Dankel, M., Steube, J., ... Ksper, E. (2016). DROWN: Breaking TLS Using SSLv2. InUSENIX Security Symposium(pp. 689-706). Bozic, J., Kleine, K., Simos, D. E., Wotawa, F. (2017). Planning-Based Security Testing of the SSL/TLS Protocol. InSoftware Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW), 2017 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 347-355). IEEE. Chowdhury, A., Karmakar, G., Kamruzzaman, J. (2017). Survey of Recent Cyber Security Attacks on Robotic Systems and Their Mitigation Approaches. InDetecting and Mitigating Robotic Cyber Security Risks(pp. 284-299). IGI Global. Tian, Y., Liu, Y. C., Bhosale, A., Huang, L. S., Tague, P., Jackson, C. (2014). All your screens are belong to us: Attacks exploiting the HTML5 screen sharing API. InSecurity and Privacy (SP), 2014 IEEE Symposium on(pp. 34-48). IEEE.

World Literature Egocentrism free essay sample

The effect of egocentrism in â€Å"A Doll’s House† and â€Å"Antegone† and its effect on their relationships and the characters themselves. The two word literatures: â€Å"A Doll’s house† by Henrik Ibsen and â€Å"Antegone† by Sophocleus, have both portrayed how the character’s egocentrism contributes to the tragic ending. The types or the role of each character are different, but they both have the same egocentrism: Helmer from â€Å"A doll’s house† and King Creon from†Antegone†. Helmer personally thinks that whatever he does is taken as the highest priority; he even calls his wife, Nora, as animal. Creon, because he is the king of his own empire, he is full of hubris and he, like Helmer, takes all of his actions as the highest priority. However, considering their similarities, their egocentrism affect both of them differently, albeit they have the same ending of losing their family. This shows that both of these characters have a number of similarities and differences based on their egocentrism. We will write a custom essay sample on World Literature Egocentrism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Helmer has a variety of characteristics, which makes him egocentric. His egotistical character has made him lose his precious wife, Nora. Helmer has never considered his wife, Nora, an equal being because he thinks that he has higher priority than in social ranking than an ordinary person. â€Å" And I wouldn’t want you to be any different from what you are- just my sweet little songbird† (15). It can be seen from this quotation that Helmer is the master and Nora is his pet or semi-slave. Helmer, since he is the head of the family, thinks that he is the â€Å"law† and those who go against him will be punished. â€Å" And worst of all, telling me a lie! † (177). By considering his expressions, it is obvious that Helmer thinks himself to be a god-like being of the family and in fact he is not. Helmer becomes indignant because Nora is â€Å"telling him a lie†; like telling the God a lie, Helmer believes that no one shall tell a lie to him. Helmer also expresses his egocentric character, which makes him ridiculous, by saying the good part of himself. â€Å" Oh I’m not so hard-hearted that I’d condemn a man outright for just a single slip† (79), and â€Å" Wasn’t that a good idea of mine? † (186). It is very obvious from the above quotations that Helmer is a type of man who cannot help himself from saying his good points, which eventually causes his relationship deteriorate. In addition to that, Helmer cannot consider ideas steadfastly and this leads to the loss of Nora. â€Å" My dear Nora, I can forgive you anxiety though its rather insulting to me† (189). Because he is egocentric, he considers things negatively rather than positively. The above characteristics of Helmer have led to the consequence of Nora leaving the house. In act three of the play, it can be seen that the characteristics of Helmer changes with his mood. That is why he takes action without the consideration of the outcome of what he has done. â€Å" I could risk everything I had- even my life itself to save you† (219). Before the climax of the play, Helmer is expressing his love to Nora, which made her bit comfortable. However, when the letter, written by Krogstad arrived, he turns into a different person. â€Å" For these last eight years you’ve been my joy and my pride- and now I find that you’re a liar, a hypocrite- even worse- a criminal! † (220-221). In addition to the above quotation, Helmer is also expressing his egocentrism, along with his indignation, to Nora. â€Å" You’ve completely wrecked my happiness, you’ve ruined my whole future† (221). Because he was only concerning himself and covered with emotions, he begins to thrash Nora with the above quotation. And I brought so pitifully low all because of a shiftless woman. The above quotation is contradicting to what he has just said before thrashing Nora. This is because he is self centered and can think of nothing but him. â€Å" And after I’ve cherished you all through our married life. N ow do you realize what you’ve done to me? † (221). Again this egocentric quotation shows that he has lost his prudence because of his current mood. However, Helmer’s character changes when the letter of cancellation arrived. It can also be seen from here that Helmer is egocentric. â€Å" Nora I’m saved! (222). His mid is full of â€Å"me, myself, and I† by looking at the above quotation. As his characteristic has changed, Nora asks him. â€Å" But I have Nora, I swear it- I’ve forgiven you everything. I know now that what you did all for love of me† (223). People will say that Helmer could have forgiven her earlier, but as I stated before, that Helmer’s personal temperament changes is dependent to his moods or current feelings, which is his egocentrism. â€Å"And my great wing will protect you† (223) and â€Å" I shall protect you like a hunted dove that I’ve saved from the talons of a hawk† (224). These quotations are contradicting what he has said before, because his problem is over and he does not need to worry about anything. However, realizes that â€Å" this is a reckoning† (225) and she knows that Helmer â€Å" doesn’t love her anymore† (229) because of his hypocritical temperament and egocentrism. As a result, Nora leaves the house. However, albeit Nora realizes the reality, Helmer still does not realize his egocentrism. â€Å" Over, All over! Nora, won’t you even think of me again? † (231). By looking at the above quotation, it is obvious that his tragic consequence does bring any effect to him. Creon has higher power, in pride, compared to Helmer because of his superior social ranking. â€Å" He can sail on a stormy sea† (13) shows that he believes he is the ruler of the sea. It also shows that he believes he is greater than Poseidon, who supposed to be the ruler of the sea. â€Å" He can entrap the cheerful birds setting a snare and all the wild. Beasts of the earth he has learned to catch Fish that teem in the deep sea with nets knotted of stouts cords of such inventiveness man† (13) indicates that he thinks he is the ultimate king of all living species and he is superior to others because he can â€Å"catch† them. These quotations show that Creon thinks that nobody is as high in rank as him, even Gods. Creon, like Helmer, thinks that â€Å"yet of all things is man the most wonderful† (13). This shows that the power of men is the most powerful and women shall work under men’s command. It can be seen from this quotation that Creon’s act of egocentrism has contributed to the gender inequality, which eventually lead to the tragic consequence, which will be stated after. Compared to Helmer, Creon has high reliability on â€Å"the law of men†, which made by himself. Because he makes the law, this also makes his egocentrism stronger. Creon, because of his egocentrism, his family turned against him and died. In the play, Creon orders the execution of Antegone, but her lover, Haemon, who is also Creon’s son, advices that his deeds are wrong. However, Creon tells him â€Å" I hate a son to have an evil wife† (21). Indicating that he ignores advice, made by Haemon. Creon’s egotistical behavior causes him to look things from only one perspective, which is from â€Å"the men’s law†. Even when the chorus, together with Haemon, urges Creon to things differently, he ends up saying â€Å" What? Men of our age go to school again and take a lesson from a very boy† (25). Because of his stubborn and egocentric behavior, nothing can veer Creon’s mind. Haemon goes up against him calmly to change his attitude, only finds out that Creon takes his advices as a threat and his relation ship deteriorate. â€Å" What? Threaten me? Are you so insolent? † (26), and â€Å" The fool would teach me no sense! You’ll pay for it! † (26), proves the above characteristic of Creon. As the family relationships deteriorate, Creon begins to gain consciousness of the reality and he decided to cancel Antegone’s execution. The deterioration of family relationship, stems from Creon’s egocentrism, is indeed different from Helmer because, Helmer did not realize what he had done whereas Creon did. â€Å"What shall I do? Advice me! I will listen† (38), shows that Creon has finally realized, from the consequence of his egocentrism, that whatever he has done is wrong and he tries to cancel the execution. However, by the time Creon has arrived, Antegone was already dead. Enraged of his tyranny, Haemon tries to kill Creon but he ends up having been killed by Creon. In addition to that Creon’s wife also turned up against him by cursing his name and committing suicide. This is how Creon’s egocentrism obliterated his families. Compared to Helmer, Creon accepts his guilt and he begins regretting himself from his tyranny. â€Å" The wrong I have done by ill- counseling† (43), â€Å"My own stubborn ways have barn bitter fruits†(43), and â€Å" the fault is me not yours†(43) shows that Creon’s regression is the effect of his strong egocentrism. This means that the effect of being egocentric is much worse in Creon than Helmer for relationship wise, but opposite for their individual wise. By comparing two characters in terms of egocentrism, it is incontrovertible that Creon had at least a sense of reality compared to Helmer, because he finally realizes his evil deeds that cause his relationships to be perfidious. Helmer, on the contrary, did not realize even after Nora left the house. This shows that Helmer has more hubris and egotistical than Creon. The similarities they have are their social ranking, gender inequality and egocentrism. Both Helmer and Creon have upper hierarchy and both of them are prejudice against womens and both of are considering them selves as the most self-centered person.

Are You Tired Of Writing Essays Or Taking Exams?

Are You Tired Of Writing Essays Or Taking Exams?Do you find yourself running a marathon every time you write a paper or take an exam? Is your mind working overtime when writing your paper or exam? If you're able to, try to avoid having that extra stress while writing.Writing is really fun and it doesn't take much effort. However, when you are reading other people's essays and tests, they are stressed out. You can't blame them because they will be studying for hours on end for their tests. They are constantly thinking of ways how to be more creative or how to improve their essay.Try to get the sample student essay one to know how you should go about writing your own. It is very important that you not only know the rules but you must also know how you can make your paper better. Most of the time, students are afraid to change the structure of their paper or to make changes to the thesis or even to their topics.The first thing you should do is to tell your teacher or professor your thou ghts and ideas on what the best method is to write the paper. Don't worry if you don't know exactly how you're going to write your paper. As long as you do this, the way they will see that you are capable of being successful with your essay.Once you're done with this, focus on the main point that you are going to write about. Always remember that your goal is to make the reader enjoy reading your paper. If you know how to write a good academic paper, then you should also know how to write a good essay.Try to make your student essay as vivid as possible. You have to make the reader interested in what you're talking about. Make sure that they remember the main points that you're going to be talking about.If you're able to understand this, then it's good that you read some samples of the sample student essay. By doing this, you will be able to see that the methods and techniques that you're going to use are correct. It's very important that you always know how to write a good essay.

Free Essays on Austro-Hungarian Empire

HIST201 – Research Essay Question 8: Outdated? When did the dissolution/break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire become inevitable? To what extent did World War I cause the collapse, to what extent did it pre-date 1914, to what extent was it imposed by the victorious Allies of 1919? At the end of this year it will have been 85 years since Austria-Hungary quietly slipped away into the history books. Over the decades since 1918 there has been a great deal of historic discussion over the reasons for the gradual disintegration of the Hapsburg Empire. Thus, the moment has perhaps approached to take one more look at what could be considered an outdated question, that of when did the collapse of the Habsburg Empire become inevitable? Could it have survived if it wasn’t such a victim of its own fragility and inner turmoil, or was it doomed by its decision in 1914 to abandon diplomatic solutions and opt for war, and what were the Allies roles, if any, in its demise? Firstly, the degree of inevitability is questionable. How far back must one venture to find that precise point in time that inevitably led to the Habsburg Monarchy’s demise? Such a point can seldom be found. In fact Joachim Remak suggests that to trace back its end too deeply, is to submit to the fallacy of post hoc ergo propter hoc. However, there are various schools of thought that have attempted to find the exact origins of the collapse. Alan Sked, in his article ‘Historians, the Nationality Question, and the Downfall of the Habsburg Empire’, refers to one such school as counter-factual historians. They posed the ‘inevitability’ and ‘at what point’ questions and having then selected their date, they usually describe or imply, that all would have been different – and usually better – had only this or that occurred instead. One British historian, C. A. Macartney, should also be ranked in this school. In his 1978 book, The House of Austr... Free Essays on Austro-Hungarian Empire Free Essays on Austro-Hungarian Empire HIST201 – Research Essay Question 8: Outdated? When did the dissolution/break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire become inevitable? To what extent did World War I cause the collapse, to what extent did it pre-date 1914, to what extent was it imposed by the victorious Allies of 1919? At the end of this year it will have been 85 years since Austria-Hungary quietly slipped away into the history books. Over the decades since 1918 there has been a great deal of historic discussion over the reasons for the gradual disintegration of the Hapsburg Empire. Thus, the moment has perhaps approached to take one more look at what could be considered an outdated question, that of when did the collapse of the Habsburg Empire become inevitable? Could it have survived if it wasn’t such a victim of its own fragility and inner turmoil, or was it doomed by its decision in 1914 to abandon diplomatic solutions and opt for war, and what were the Allies roles, if any, in its demise? Firstly, the degree of inevitability is questionable. How far back must one venture to find that precise point in time that inevitably led to the Habsburg Monarchy’s demise? Such a point can seldom be found. In fact Joachim Remak suggests that to trace back its end too deeply, is to submit to the fallacy of post hoc ergo propter hoc. However, there are various schools of thought that have attempted to find the exact origins of the collapse. Alan Sked, in his article ‘Historians, the Nationality Question, and the Downfall of the Habsburg Empire’, refers to one such school as counter-factual historians. They posed the ‘inevitability’ and ‘at what point’ questions and having then selected their date, they usually describe or imply, that all would have been different – and usually better – had only this or that occurred instead. One British historian, C. A. Macartney, should also be ranked in this school. In his 1978 book, The House of Austr...

Structure of the suggested Central Bank for GCC and How might this Assignment

Structure of the suggested Central Bank for GCC and How might this bank be similar or different from the European Central Bank - Assignment Example They would only majorly borrow traits from systems like that of the EU central Banking system. Formulation of the likely structure is therefore of fundamental and of primary concern and ensuring that the structure is the most suitable and applicable is paramount. Proper systems would ensure that the costs of banking within the region are highly regulated and that tight controls are ensured of money and money operations. Introduction Our main task in this assignment is to discuss the likely structure of the suggested GCC Central Bank. We are also required to its similarity and differences with the European Central Bank. Furthermore, we have to find the arguments supporting and those against such a system and most importantly the objectives of the system. The GCC central bank has the main aim of bringing together the operations of the 5 central banks within the U.A.E in a regulatory manner. It would therefore be modeled in a closed system of financial accounts; this means that the equi librium volume of banks intermediation between the households and corporate would show structural measures like preferences to households, cost structures, loan demand by corporate (Cobham & Dibeh 2011). Inclusive in the structure would be the integration of the differences in borrowing and deposit rates of the central banks of the five countries (Grauwe & Dewachter 1999). The structure also is inclusive of the width of the central bank standing facilities corridor as well as the stance of the monetary policy. This is to enable the system be in the position of cushioning the U.A.E against any form of financial crisis (Rajan & Zingales 1998). The banking systems of the GCC countries is mostly dominated by a very small number of both domestic and foreign commercial banks making any dealing involving finances to be quite of an uphill task. This system is designed in manner to help provide better and more information to enhance decision making hence enhance the efficiency of the U.A.E e conomy in terms of resource allocation hence general improvement of welfare (Hamori & Hamori 2010). It has a monetary policy unit mandated with the task of designing monetary policy for the promotion of price stability, sustainable economic growth and a stable financial system within the UAE. Policies established have the impact of reducing by a wider margin a level of uncertainty and the established monetary policy unit is expected to reduce the noise because of policy makers in an economic environment (Levine & Renelt 1992). The proposed GCC central bank is formulated by an act prepared by the 5 member countries. This is due to the desire of the countries to form one central bank body for the sake of uniformity in the monetary and fiscal policies governing their financial systems. The Acts confers the GCC central bank with the responsibilities of formulating monetary policy, ensuring price stability, issuing a common currency and performing any other functions conferred to it by t he Act (Rajan & Zingales 1998). It has a central head office with branches located in each of the countries that have come together to form this form of financial organization. The system will also run currency centers in specified locations within the UAE region. The suggested arrangement will have assistant governors to support the activities and decisions by a central governor (Smits 1997). The directors will still be there with the governor at the head office to help in the daily

Discussion question 1 Week 9 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion question 1 Week 9 - Assignment Example , balance sheet and cash flow statement to be prepared in accordance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) by the accountants of the company. The donors of a not-for-profit organization are its main source of funding. Hence it is important for the organization to satisfy the needs of its donors to ensure generation of more funds for the organization which would help it to run the operations effectively and efficiently. Hence, it is necessary that better quality financial statements are prepared by the organization which provides all the necessary information required to reassure the donors. It is easier and less costly for any not-for-profit organization to keep its existing donors than acquiring new one (Agard, 2010, p. 641). According to the case BDO International is one of the top five accounting firms in the world and is engaged in the business of providing various financial and accounting services to its clients (BDO International, n.d.). The advantages of BDO from belonging to a large international group are that it can have a huge customer base and has greater proximity to the clients. This helps BDO to generate huge amount of revenues and provide quality service to its clients according to their specific needs and

Cuban Rumba Essay Example for Free

Cuban Rumba Essay Cuban music is a combination of genres and styles, which encompasses quite a long history. Cuban music has been molded by the music and voices of Latin America, Europe, and even Jazz. Of course, Spain and Africa did also have an evident influence on the music as well. There are many different types of Cuban music; all of which is meant for the soul to enjoy. Rumba is a actually a secular folkloric form of music, which consists of drumming, dancing and singing of both African and Spanish languages that has been performed for ages. The rumba term or influence is actually derived from the 16th century when black slaves were imported from Africa, and the word Rumba can cover a variety of terms such as Son, Guagira, Guaracha, and Naningo. However, the exact meaning of the word varies from location to location. Still, it is strongly evident that the Cuban Rumba dance hails originally from Africa where the native Rumba folk dance was essentially a sexual dance that was vigorously fast with strong and forceful hip movements as well as sensually aggressive attitudes on the part of a man and a defensive attitude on the part of a woman. The music, itself was played with a staccato beat, keeping up with the thrusting and vigorous movements of the passionate dancers. Instruments that were also included were the marimbola, the claves, and the drums. The Son was the popular dance of middle class Cuba. It is, in fact, a modified slower and even more refined version of the native Rumba. The instruments are basically still the same as are the movements. However, they are toned down a bit. And, even slower than this dance is the Danzon. The Danzon is the dance of wealthy Cuban society. In this dance, very small steps are taken, while the women producea very subtle tilting of the hips by alternately bending and straightening the knees. The dance known in the United States today as the Rumba is a composite of several dances popular in Cuba, including the guaracha, the Cuban bolero, the Cuban son, and the rural rumba. All of the dances have very similar rhythms that can be traced back to religious and ceremonial dances of Africa. The same pulsating dance rhythms may still be found in parts of Africa, but the dances have been altered by contact with other cultures and races. For example, The rural rumba is a pantomimic dance originating in the rural areas. It depicts the movements of various barnyard animals in an amusing manner, and is basically an exhibition, rather than a participation dance. Both the Cuban son and the Cuban bolero are moderate tempo dances in traditional ballroom form. The guaracha is distinguished by its fast, cheerful tempo. Ten after Americans modified the tempo of the Cuban rumba, later band leader Emil Coleman imported Rumba musicians and dancers to New York but no interest developed. Real interest in Latin music began about 1929 as a result of increased American tourism to Latin America. In 1935 George Raft appeared with Carole Lombard in a movie called Rumba in which he played a suave dancer who wins the lady through dancing. Rumbas unique styling and unusual musical rhythms immediately captured the fancy of ballroom dance enthusiasts, and it has retained its popularity to the present time. The Cuban style is characterized by forward and backward steps. The American version is done in a box pattern with Cuban motion as its chief characteristic. Cuban motion is a discreet, expressive hip motion achieved by bending and straightening the legs and carefully timed weight changes. American Rumba is one of the most popular ballroom dances today. The rumba itself refers to several Latin dance forms, which can all differ greatly. Almost all rumba dances are meant to infer the sexual relationship between partners. The moves can be subtle or quite obvious, which is all depending on the type of form danced The Cuban rumba is very different than what one would see in a ballroom dancing competition. The dance is highly energetic and was thought to have derived directly from the dancing of African slaves from around the West Indies and the Caribbean. Dance historians date performance of this form of rumba back as early as the late 16th century. Some of the moves are so suggestive and frank, that the dance was often considered unacceptable in the countries it was performed, and was actually prohibited. The Cuban rumba requires a high degree of athleticism, as it is very fast. The dance represents a seduction attempt on the part of the male, with the female standing resistant to the man’s charms. This form of rumba frequently includes acrobatic moves, like handstands, flips and cartwheels, usually performed by the male. In order to achieve sexual gratification, he must impress his female partner. The second part of the Cuban rumba usually brings the dancers close together, and the movements are easily indicative of sexual longing. There is much what one might deem â€Å"inappropriate† body contact when the couples connect, and many moves indicate various sexual positions with the male clearly dominant. The partners are often hip to hip in dance connections. This type of form is rarely seen except in exhibitions since it requires a great deal of space to perform it properly. The dancers are mostly apart, and utilize a significant amount of floor space while performing very different acrobatic moves far apart from each other. In conclusion, today the rumba is known to be one of the most popular ballroom dances because of its interesting movements and rhythms. The Cuban Rumba is one of the most important and popular folkloric styles still played frequently in Cuba at musical parties. This is one of the most difficult and syncopated of all Cuban musical styles in popular folklore, both in its music and dance. Guaguanco is a medium paced rumba style that is danced by a couple. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www. centralhome. com/ballroomcountry/rumba. htm http://www. ibiblio. org/mao/cuba/music. html

Use of the Sun and the Moon in Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay

Both Sun and Moon play significant roles in this old poem, in a symbolic and supernatural way, in order to reinforce the mood that Samuel Taylor Coleridge has attempted to create in his use of old legends and superstitions. The role that the sun and moon play in this tale of cursed sailors is an old one, retold over and over the years that Coleridge adapted for his own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although mentioned several times before, the Sun makes its first significant appearance in the seventh stanza of the second part. Before then, one will find both Sun and Moon mentioned many times purely for the reader’s enrichment. The repeated mention leads the reader to believe that it will soon become important by foreshadowing without making it of any greater appearance than mentioning it to describe the scenery in the aforementioned place in the poem. Here Coleridge describes the Sun as â€Å"The bloody Sun, at noon†. This use of capitalizing such a common word as Sun only goes further to tell the reader to keep an eye out for something not quite right there. For those unfamiliar with old sailors’ traditions, they may either skip right over this passage, or read too much into it as a sign of impending doom. An old phrase arises from the history books to describe this perfectly that reads, â€Å"Red sky at night, sailor’s delight, Red sjy at morning, sailor take warning.† When one takes a closer look at this, they might see that it describes storm patterns, but when one realises that t...

Blessings of Liberty

In striking at the ‘domestic Tranquility,' ‘common defense' and ‘Blessings of Liberty' that the US Constitution was established to secure, the terrorist attacks of September 11 not only extinguished thousands of lives but also heralded a dangerous and unprecedented chapter in the ‘American experiment. ‘ 9/11 represented the end of what remained of America's post–1991 innocence about the severity of global threats and confirmed the many prior warnings that the question of mainland terror was one of when, not whether, it would occur.To some observers, the attacks triggered the most sudden and dramatic change in the history of American foreign policy, bringing an abrupt and decisive end to the post-Cold War era. (Stephen, 2001) But while many declarations proclaimed a permanently transformed world, American responses instead suggested a remarkable continuity. Rather than initiating a transformation, 9/11 accelerated trends, policies and approaches th at were well established.If the attacks' most immediate political effects were certainly dramatic – the Bush administration's approval ratings soared and public confidence in the federal government attained levels unseen since the early 1960s – the dominant features of recent American politics (not least partisan polarization) remained essentially unchanged. Analogical reasoning in international affairs is as hazardous in theory as it is ubiquitous in practice; hence the question of whether 9/11 will ultimately prove as strategically significant for America as Pearl Harbor, the Cold War or the implosion of the USSR is best left for another day.(Richard, 2001) 9/11 nonetheless proved both that America remains as vulnerable to conventional and unconventional attacks as other nations and that its singular influence renders it an especially inviting target. It also demonstrated, however, that America remains exceptional in its capacity to deploy vast resources and destruct ive assets on a global scale. The rapid removal of the Taliban regime revealed a hegemonic power with neither peer nor precedent, prompting commentators to compete for adjectival correctness: ‘hyper-power,' ‘mega-power,' ‘behemoth.‘ (Tim, 2002) Confronted by such dominance, critics are surely right to caution about the dangers accompanying such unprecedented and (relatively) unfettered power. But commentary on America frequently remains empirically poorly anchored, wrongly conflating official policies with public preferences and embracing stereo-types about (for example) mass aversion to military casualties that resisted close scrutiny long prior to 2001.The reasons why factual accuracy infrequently intrudes on familiar ‘truisms' about the USA has received compelling analysis elsewhere (Clive, 2002) but it is in the light of such infrequency that this chapter reviews in turn American perceptions of the terrorist attacks, the responses of the Bush admini stration and Congress and 9/11's broader significance for American domestic politics and foreign policy. Terrorism used to be seen by the world's militaries as â€Å"low intensity conflict† and many commanders such as you were not often preoccupied with it.For us, exceptionally hot years such as 1983 or 1985 were just that–exceptions. Now it's war. It is a war that the al Qaeda enemy formally declared in 1996, and again in 1998. It's a war made by a long series of attacks upon free peoples. The U. S. only accepted this as â€Å"war† at the end of 2001, but it is now affixed to the horizon. To call this war is not to say that it is a wholly military contest. If US government has a grand strategy, then this contest is political, ideological, legal, economic, and moral. It is profoundly moral.President Bush made the accurate parallel between terrorist and pirates or slave-traders. All three categories are natural enemies of humanity–an ancient concept of int ernational law, and a good one. On Saturday, the new Pope described terrorism as â€Å"perverse,† a â€Å"cruel decision that shows contempt for the sacred right to life,† and â€Å"a new barbarism. † The global nations, collectively, hold the upper hand in this contest because Allies is a moral cause, and they must not ignore or abandon that moral advantage. (Gray, 2005)Two recent and ugly innovations by terror groups underscore terrorism's profound inhumanity. You may have noticed the new pattern of terror attacks on aid personnel and nongovernmental organizations. What had been rare is now appallingly common. NGOs† are studying the challenge, but have only begun. For now they often close down relief operations and withdraw in the face of terror–a prudent response, but one that negates their whole purpose, and satisfies the attackers. Until now, NGOs have tended to want nothing from you as commanders except logistical support for their own work.Th e less contact the better, it seemed. Now, they may begin asking you to help with their security, which is a most complicated job. A second reminder of the character of terrorism is a new pattern of double-bombings. The first explosive is laid to wound and kill; this damage draws in dozens of medical professionals and â€Å"first responders;† (Wolf, 2003) when enough ambulances have arrived, the second timed charge detonates, redoubling the carnage. I first noticed the old Irish Republican Army do this. Then, a right-wing terrorist did it in Atlanta Georgia.The jihadis' Bali Indonesia bombings confirmed the pattern–a preliminary bomb in a building drove people out into the street, where a far larger bomb murdered many of them. And then, at a fourth point on the globe (Iraq) came the August 17 bombing of a bus terminal in Baghdad. Police naturally rushed to the scene, and that's when a second bomb blew, in the station parking lot. There was a third layer to the plan. Am bulances rushed wounded to a nearby hospital, and there, awaiting them, was a suicide bomber, who then detonated.When terrorism develops such techniques it rarely regresses; we'll see more. (Clutterbuck, 2004) The moral relativists who will not understand terrorism–who say, â€Å"it is nothing more than a weapon of the weak†Ã¢â‚¬â€œshould ponder the planning in these double-bombings. How hard you commanders work to train your personnel to protect the Red Cross, to steer clear of ambulances, to avoid hospitals as sanctuaries of the wounded, even amidst actual battle. Compare that with what terrorists plot and do in peacetime, with this explicit targeting of medical personnel.The over-heated religious militants led by al Qaeda have an internationalist program. That is evident from their targeting: Nairobi, Casablanca, Istanbul, Riyadh, and Madrid. Their internationalism is just as evident from their recruitment: Saudis, Moroccans, Algerians, Somalis, Yemenis, Filipinos, and Western Europeans of all kinds. †¦ The enemy confirms all this in how he trains: al Qaeda's camps in the Sudan, and then Afghanistan, drew tens of thousands, to some 50 training camps, from the corners of the world.In late 2001, in the Afghan war, The Allied coalition captured people from over forty countries! There was of course a Philippines training branch, and another in Indonesia. The array of foreign faces appearing in these camps was widely diverse. The jihadis' internationalism is just as evident in their ideology: as surely as a good man may be called into good and divine service from Madagascar or America–and they have been–so too might the jihadis' appeals touch a potential terrorist in Madagascar, or America–and they have. There are treasure troves of al Qaeda documents.Their own words make it apparent that as a policy end, al Qaeda envisages itself as the global leader of a great coalition, and should it conquer, then the creation of a grea t Caliphate. Mullah Omar and Osama Bin Laden talked about that in Afghanistan–there is a written record of it. If Mullah Omar's Taliban regime is any indication of how such a Caliphate would govern, very few Muslims would ever want it†¦although the rulers, being totalitarians, would not much care if their regime were wanted. The terrorists' internationalist policy dictates an internationalist strategy.That is why the celebrated fatwa of February 1998 heralded formation of â€Å"The World Islamic Front for Jihad†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¦Why Bin Laden's speeches urge Islamic unity, a seamless community of the faithful, worldwide†¦Why his lieutenant, and doctor, the globe-trotting Egyptian Al Zawahiri, criticizes peoples of the Islamic world when they fail to come when they are called to arms by al Qaeda. (Alexander, 2001) So US government sees al Qaeda's global reach in its targeting, recruiting, training, ideology, and recovered documents and public pronouncements. Quit e obviously, there is a world war, and war must be joined.In the face of such global ambitions and global attacks, all decent governments should ally themselves in counterterrorism. That is the first and most apparent need from the assessment of the present enemy: And at the military level, this direction explains why Commandant Michael Hagee's strategic â€Å"Vision,† as briefed to leaders of the US Marine Corps, states simply that â€Å"Deterring and defeating Irregular threats places a high priority on working with partner nations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Adams, 2002) For the U. S. , these ongoing efforts include training international officer students in military staff level and war colleges.The Marine Corps alone has over five hundred such international students and trainees. Then there are the many training missions that the larger military services carry out abroad. USMC training teams were in nine countries in 2004, but this year they're in five times as many foreign countries . The State Department has an ambitious Antiterrorism Assistance Program, which mixes political, and security matters, and has operated world-wide since 1983. One part of this, conducted through the State Department's Office of the Coordinator for Counter-terrorism, is the Foreign Emergency Support Team.Over the years, these teams have accomplished liaison with over one hundred partner countries to a limited but useful end: when a crisis occurs abroad, if that country desires U. S. technical support or advice, the mechanisms for it are understood on both sides. (Bolz, 2000) Consider as well Pakistan. Islamabad has made a remarkable and satisfying reversal of old policies. At great risk to itself, the Musharaf administration now studies, surrounds, and seizes bombers, torturers, shooters, plotters, and financiers, foreign and domestic. The Pakistani police are working even harder than the army.The country has extradited such important terrorists as Ramzi Yousef who bombed the New Yor k Trade Towers the first time (1993) and Ramzi Binalshibh, a Yemeni who apparently sought to join his friends in the 9-11 hijacking teams. (Crenshaw, 2001) By the spring of 2003 one of the news magazines wrote admiringly that arrests were coming â€Å"almost weekly† in Pakistan. Few things are as satisfying as a successful trial, conviction and jailing; it puts things fight, and the world sees it. Some democracies created special counter-terrorist forces as an answer to the terrorist atrocities of the late 1960s.Many states built them then. Germany's GSGN border troops taking down the airliner held by terrorists in Mogadishu in 1978, with a devastating psychological impact on the Red Army Faction†¦French forces boldly recapturing one of their nation's airliners in Marseilles in December 1994, snuffing out a clear precursor attack on their own capital and preventing a 9-11 in that city†¦Peru's commandos, quietly enduring the tensions of the four-month siege they laid for MRTA Communists holding the Japanese embassy in Lima, in 1996.When Peru's commandos finally pounced, in April 1997, it was a magnificent performance that left the bad people stretched out on the ground and the hostages reunited with their astonished families. For specialized work like counterterrorism there must be specialized forces. This is somewhat true even for dealing with a broader insurgency. There are still roles for conscripts and draftees, available in large numbers, to perform traditional duties of aid and occupation, amidst a population for 8 or 12 months somewhere abroad.But the greatest need in Afghanistan today, in Nepal today, in Iraq today, is for confident well-trained professionals who will make long deployments and then consider another tour. At the very least, there must be a sophisticated way of helping capture the lessons they have learned. (Farrell, 2002) Officers do not arrive fresh upon an insurgent scene, such as Iraq, and determine by Clausewitzean c oup d'oeil the essence of the problem, and solve it before breakfast tomorrow.Instead the fellow coming in must study, and watch, and wrestle with the language and the newness of the situation, abandon a preconception or two, and think long and hard. It was T. E. Lawrence, Lawrence of Arabia, who wrote that â€Å"Guerrilla war is far more intellectual than a bayonet charge. † Neither guerrilla war nor its antidotes have changed much since his time. Pressures to have intimate human intelligence in this age of global terrorism are very high. In a localized insurgency at least there might be certain common features of the enemy mind.But in this global struggle, the countries of origin are as diverse as the personalities arrayed against America. Policy makers have many lenses through which to study and learn, and prepare what is practical: psychology, political science, political philosophy, regional studies, sociology, and other lenses will all help us take in the character of t he enemy. You may be thinking that it is a cliche to call for better human intelligence. (Rubin, 1999) True. It is true that is a cliche, and true that we need better intelligence.In the USA, many blue ribbon panels and careful studies have demanded that America has improved on her intelligence assets as compare to that was before 9-11. In practice, this recommendation means adjustments by more than just intelligence experts. It means education and training, in good, resident, schools. It means making every naval infantry man and woman an â€Å"intel† collector. ( Netanyahu, 2004) It means close cooperation between military and police forces, for the police often know more, being locals, and long-time experts at observing the law-breaking sort of man.Two of the great lessons of British counter-insurgency were in emphasis on intelligence by all units, and emphasis on sharing intelligence between the military and civilian sides, to include sometimes co-locating their two infras tructures. (Solan, 2000) Washington and Langley may emphasize counter-terrorism against al Qaeda but may still disappoint the close NATO partner, Berlin, with how much intelligence Americans actually share. Perhaps Turkey finds Washington's bureaucrats too busy, or too uninterested, in the problems of the reviving Kurdish insurgency.Yet Turkish blood flows, and Kurdish killers hide just over the border in Iraq, and Americans are said to have some powers in Iraq, so Turks may demand America use influence against their Kurdish terrorists. Russia saw, so long before Americans did, the need for directly aiding the Afghan Northern Alliance led by the brilliant Ahmed Shah Massoud, against the Taliban tyranny, in the 1990s. Now, who should be surprised if Russia feels she has a call on more political support over Chechen separatism. (Wolf, 2003) We must work to measure up to the challenges of allies as well as enemies.As Winston Churchill used to say, ‘a man must never allow himself to fall below the level of events. ‘ References Adams, James. Secret armies: inside the American, Soviet, and European special forces. New York, N. Y. , U. S. A. : The Atlantic Monthly Press, 2002. 440-48 Alexander, Yonah. ; Browne, Marjorie Ann. ; Nanes, Allan S. [eds. ]. Control of terrorism: international documents. (Foreword by Ray S. Cline; published in cooperation with the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University). New York, N. Y. , U. S. A. : Crane, Russak, 2001.xvi, 21-25. Bolz, Frank. ; Dudonis, Kenneth J. ; Schulz, David P. The counter-terrorism handbook: tactics, procedures, and techniques. New York, N. Y. , U. S. 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B. : Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2004. 25-34 Richard A.Posner, Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001). Rubin, Barry. [ed. ]. The politics of counter-terrorism: the ordeal of democratic states. Washington, D. C. , U. S. A. : Foreign Policy Institute, The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, The Johns Hopkins University, 19 99. 117-122 Solan, Stephen. Beating international terrorism: an action strategy for preemption and punishment. Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala. ; [Washington, D. C. ], U. S. A. : Air University, Air University Press; [U. S. G. P. O. ], 2000. 60-66