Theory Definition in Science

The definition of a theory in science is very different from the everyday usage of the word. In fact, its usually called a scientific theory to clarify the distinction. In the context of science, a theory is a well-established explanation for scientific data. Theories typically cannot be proven, but they can become established if they are tested by several different scientific investigators. A theory can be disproven by a single contrary result. Key Takeaways: Scientific Theory In science, a theory is an explanation of the natural world that has been repeatedly tested and verified using the scientific method.In common usage, the word theory means something very different. It could refer to a speculative guess.Scientific theories are testable and falsifiable. That is, its possible a theory might be disproven.Examples of theories include the theory of relativity and the theory of evolution. Examples There are many different examples of scientific theories in different disciplines. Examples include: Physics: the big bang theory, atomic theory, theory of relativity, quantum field theoryBiology: the theory of evolution, cell theory, dual inheritance theoryChemistry: the kinetic theory of gases, valence bond theory, Lewis theory, molecular orbital theoryGeology: plate tectonics theoryClimatology: climate change theory Key Criteria for a Theory There are certain criteria which must be fulfilled for a description to be a theory. A theory is not simply any description that can be used to make predictions! A theory must do all of the following: It must be well-supported by many independent pieces of evidence.It must be falsifiable. In other words, it must be possible to test a theory at some point.It must be consistent with existing experimental results and able to predict outcomes at least as accurately as any existing theories. Some theories may be adapted or changed over time to better explain and predict behavior. A good theory can be used to predict natural events that have not occurred yet or have yet to be observed. Value of Disproven Theories Over time, some theories have been shown to be incorrect. However, not all discarded theories are useless. For example, we now know Newtonian mechanics is incorrect under conditions approaching the speed of light and in certain frames of reference. The theory of relativity was proposed to better explain mechanics. Yet, at ordinary speeds, Newtonian mechanics accurately explains and predicts real-world behavior. Its equations are much easier to work with, so Newtonian mechanics remains in use for general physics. In chemistry, there are many different theories of acids and bases. They involve different explanations for how acids and bases work (e.g., hydrogen ion transfer, proton transfer, electron transfer). Some theories, which are known to be incorrect under certain conditions, remain useful in predicting chemical behavior and making calculations. Theory vs. Law Both scientific theories and scientific laws are the result of testing hypotheses via the scientific method. Both theories and laws may be used to make predictions about natural behavior. However, theories explain why something works, while laws simply describe behavior under given conditions. Theories do not change into laws; laws do not change into theories. Both laws and theories may be falsified but contrary evidence. Theory vs. Hypothesis A hypothesis is a proposition which requires testing. Theories are the result of many tested hypotheses. Theory vs Fact While theories are well-supported and may be true, they are not the same as facts. Facts are irrefutable, while a contrary result may disprove a theory. Theory vs. Model Models and theories share common elements, but a theory both describes and explains while a model simply describes. Both models and theory may be used to make predictions and develop hypotheses. Sources Frigg, Roman (2006). Scientific Representation and the Semantic View of Theories. Theoria. 55 (2): 183–206.  Halvorson, Hans (2012). What Scientific Theories Could Not Be. Philosophy of Science. 79 (2): 183–206. doi:10.1086/664745McComas, William F. (December 30, 2013). The Language of Science Education: An Expanded Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts in Science Teaching and Learning. Springer Science Business Media. ISBN 978-94-6209-497-0.National Academy of Sciences (US) (1999). Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences (2nd ed.). National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/6024 ISBN 978-0-309-06406-4.  Suppe, Frederick (1998). Understanding Scientific Theories: An Assessment of Developments, 1969–1998. Philosophy of Science. 67: S102–S115. doi:10.1086/392812

Western Exportation Of Contemporary Casino Leisure

The casino environment is a space of which I am quite familiar. I have spent a considerable proportion of my working life on the casino floor. During my time working for Crown and for other operations, I spent the majority of those years in the VIP gaming rooms that specially catered for specific ethnicities. There are various factors that contribute to the relationship between casinos and the Chinese and Vietnamese peoples. In the following essay I explore the Western exportation of contemporary casino leisure and entertainment spaces to Asia. I examine the spaces and environments casinos produce and how Asian cultural groups use and inhabit them. I expand to contextualize the casino as a venue for entertainment and its function contributing to behavioral and cultural practices of expatriate migrant communities. I conclude by proposing that disruption of the gambling industry from online alternatives will impact social behaviors of communities’ in ways that may contribute to adaptations of interpersonal connections and cultural exchanges for people of Chinese and Vietnamese cultural identities. The Japanese parliament has recently delayed hearings regarding legalizing casino gambling for the remainder of the year. Legal forms of gambling in Japan, such as Pachinko or sports and race wagering exist without a human adversary and are experiencing a rapidly declining opportunities for human interaction for the user experience. Live table games offer significantly more human

Jumping The Gun On Gun Control - 1813 Words

Jumping The Gun On Gun Control The Second Amendment of the United States Constitution reads, A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. The right to bear arms is not just a right given to American citizens by our forefathers, it is a God given right. In response to recent mass murders involving firearms, gun control advocates have heightened the urgency to increase gun control laws. Ever since Eve took a bite of the forbidden apple, evil has existed in the world, however it is of paramount importance to realize who the real culprits of these evils are; guns are not to blame. Just as spoons do not make people fat and pencils do not do math problems wrong, guns do not kill people. People kill people. According to Steve Nolan, Co-Founder of SurvivalWeek.com and publisher of The Beacon, American gun owners use their guns almost 2.5 million times per year to ward off criminal attacks. Often times, a gun does not even have to be fired to scare away an attacker. In the event of a robbery, most criminals will flee simply at the threat of being shot. We continually hear about the evil that guns cause and the detriment to society that gun owners are, however, the media fails to mention the tremendous amount of lives saved by guns being used defensively. When 2.5 million lives are saved annually as opposed to the 11,000 lost annually due to gun related homicides, it is clear thatShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Gun Control895 Words   |  4 PagesGun control is people control. A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Without our second amendment right the people of the United States of America would be susceptible to abuse from a tyrannical government, and unable to defend themselves from the criminals within society. The theory of gun control has become a controversial topic due to recent mass shootings that call into question the safetyRead MoreThere Are Four Main Ideological Perspectives In The Political1302 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernmental health care. They would prefer the government take a few steps back when it comes to providing the public with things like welfare, social security, or health care. Conservatives want the government to have more control in social issues and therefore the control on abortion and gay marriage. They also want to maintain traditional â€Å"American† values and like the government to provide people with freedom to make their own decisions in order to reach their goals. These are two general explanationsRead MoreGun Control And The Rights Issue Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesGun control is a topic that has been discussed for many years now. Increasingly so with all of the mass gun violence that has been occurring recently such as the Orlando and San Ber nardino shootings in 2015 and 16. Some view gun control as a crime issue and others view it as a rights issue. Either way, there are people that want more gun control and people that want less gun control. On both sides of the issue, opinions range from moderate to extreme. Should we put more restrictions on firearmsRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control And The Prevention Of School Violence1402 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Cap† in Gun Control On April 20, 1999, two teenagers killed 13 people and wounded more than 20 at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado (Zirming). The incident drew worldwide attention. It led to widespread discussion over gun control and the prevention of school violence. With unstable characters like this jumping through the ineffective background checks, none are safe. You may think our little village is far from any of this. That’s what the families of victims in Sandy Hook said. Gun controlRead MoreFinal Draft for English Comp 21245 Words   |  5 PagesNicholson August 22, 2010 Unit 5 Individual Project ENG107-Shana Koh ABSTRACT Gun laws have changed over the past few years. There are many laws pertaining to the legal and illegal possession of a fire-arm. The gun laws are pretty strict. In most cities they are not being enforced and too many individuals are being murdered for no reason at all. This paper will explain the numerous laws and the reasons for those laws. Gun laws have become a popular topic in the news today. Everyday there are storiesRead MoreDoes The Second Amendment Have A Place? Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagespeople. I’m from the south. However, I am liberal, I come from a long line of conservative republicans and war veterans. Not to mention, my mother, by the age of 15, could take apart and put back together a machine gun. Guns as a hobby, I can respect, but it isn’t my cup of tea. Guns are dangerous, regardless if I am, or if the person holding one is. We owe it to ourselves, and to our fellow Americans to want to make the country we call home safer with every generation. The second amendment readsRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Laws1672 Words   |  7 Pagesthe legal right to own a weapon that could end your life? Gun control in America has been a long fought out debate. Republicans typically believe that it should be entirely legal for Americans to own guns because it is their right from the Constitution and they need it to defend themselves. Democrats typically believe that guns should not be legal because they are dangerous weapons and they can be abused by violent people. The debate over gun laws has continued to divide American because of the manyRead MoreMichael Moore s Bowling For Columbine Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesworsen for their own benefit through creating this documentary. It is clear that Moore loves his country but hates its current politics which is why he decided to make Bowling for Columbine as it both highlights the issues surrounding Americas current Gun laws whilst investigating the truth behind the Columbine Massacre and th e political events leading up to this tragedy. This reading will explore Michael Moores political stance whilst investigating the power of the NRA (national rifle association) andRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control2239 Words   |  9 PagesThe topic of gun control is always discussed in various conversations. Lately, the topic has been brought up a lot more from all the shootings going on in the country. Since then the government has become extremely strict about selling and buying guns and everything about them. But, should the government regulate the buying and selling of guns or should they regulate the owners of the guns? Should the government make sure the owners of the guns are using them in the right way and making sure theyRead MoreDescriptive Essay : Waiting Is The Hard Part 1729 Words   |  7 Pagesthe streets of London. This person better hurry up, I’m starting to cramp up. The doors suddenly burst open and a very thin man dressed in all black and wearing a ski mask runs in. Obviously the guards have been taken out so I spring into action. Jumping up from the corner, I block his way with my arm. He runs full force into my arm and falls on his back, winded. I go to pull off his mask but he swings his legs around tripping me up. I fall hard onto the floor, hitting my head. As the world swims

Fast Food And Childhood Obesity - 1166 Words

â€Å"Childhood obesity is a serious epidemic, affecting children across the world. In our country alone, 17% of all children and adolescents are now obese, triple the rate from just a generation ago† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2011). This drastic increase leads researchers and ordinary citizens alike to speculate about possible causes. Fast food consumption is one potential cause that has received widespread attention. Many researchers have looked at the relationship between fast food and childhood obesity from different angles. Some of these include the influence of family, the media, the proximity of fast food restaurants to schools and homes, and the nutritional impact. Examining the interconnection of these angles can lead to a better understanding of the relationship between childhood obesity and fast food, and from this multi-angle viewpoint, we can see that no single aspect is solely to blame. FAMILY INFLUENCE It is no secret that children learn their first eating habits from home. For the parents who are often being tugged in many different directions, having an endless amount of responsibilities and obligations, fast food can become an alternative to cooking at home. Though it may be convenient for the parent, it may not be the healthiest for the child. Even though fast food restaurants have kid-friendly options on the menu, the nutritional value may not be the best. Parents may not realize it, but they haveShow MoreRelatedFast Food and Childhood Obesity Essay1335 Words   |  6 PagesAdvertisement and Childhood Obesity ENGL/101-B25 Would you feed your children lard? The answer for most all of us is â€Å"No Way†. Most parents can safely say that they want healthy choices for their children and would never want to give them something that is bad for them. However, with many of the foods on fast food menus this is not far from the truth. We have all heard the statement that childhood obesity is on the rise, and has been for quite some time now. We have seen the heartbreaking storiesRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is The Consumption Of Fast Food970 Words   |  4 Pages Childhood obesity in the United States has been increasing for the last thirty years. Obesity is defined as an excessive amount of fat located in the body and it varies with the individual s height and age. For example, what is considered obese weight for someone may be different to another person. In addition, some of the causes of obesity are excessive junk food, lack of motivation to exercise and lack of knowledge about nutrition and fitness . Often times, children do not consider the nutritionalRead MoreFast Food Advertising and Childhood Obesity1870 Words   |  8 PagesFast Food Advertising And Childhood Obesity A rise in obesity has been observed in the United States in the last two decades. Obesity is one problem that gives birth to numerous fatal diseases, including but not limited to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depression. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted a survey and found that, â€Å"More than one-third of U.S. adults (35.7%) and approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years are obese†Read MoreFast Food and the Risk of Childhood Obesity Essay1774 Words   |  8 PagesThe fast food industry promotes childhood obesity by manipulating the young mind, putting them at risk for health complications such as hypertension and diabetes. The super-sizing of America is been a frequently talked about subject lately. Especially since it is seem to have negative effects on the health of children and adults alike through massive consumption of fast food. Health providers and other authority figures are now concerned abou t children’s obesity rates shown during the past 3-4 decadesRead MoreLinking Childhood Obesity to Fast Food Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagesin the world. Our nation has slowly gravitated towards fast food, allowing for a new industry to explode and expand over the past few decades. This monumental fast food industry has become a symbol of America and our diets. Fast food is convenient, quick, and cheap, requiring hardly any effort. It is the perfect formula for our fast-paced nation and suffering economy. The problem is shown through our sky-high rate of obesity. Though fast food has some short-term benefits like saving time and a fewRead More Childhood Obesity and Fast Food Essay examples1643 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years there has been a growing epidemic of obesity, especially in America. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey posted on the Center for Disease Control website there are 12.5 million children from ages 2 through 19 that are o bese. Many people are starting to complain that the commercials and ads for these restaurants are the result of such an incline in obesity. Although there have been current ad campaigns aiming at children to live a healthy life style thereRead MoreIs Fast Food Really The Main Reason For Childhood Obesity?907 Words   |  4 PagesIs fast food really the main reason for the rise in childhood obesity? No, it is not their fault. In fact, I believe the main reason for childhood obesity is the parents. Most parents care about their kids but yet they allow them to eat unhealthy food, watch television for long periods of time, and reward them with food. Although, the cause of childhood obesity is debated. Two of the main causes is food choices and advertisements. Exercise is critical, it is an important part in keeping your bodyRead MoreChildhood Obesity: Fast Food Companies Are To Blame Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesSince the fast food industry is targeting America’s youth, provid ing healthier options on children’s menus will reduce the rate of childhood obesity and allow for a healthy future. According to â€Å"Burger Battles† from the Weekly Reader, obesity is defined as a person whose weight is 20 percent higher than recommended for their height (Burger Battles 1). When this condition begins to affect children lives, it is then known as childhood obesity. Within the United States of America, around 15 percentRead MoreMan Vs. Food : Fast Food Can Contribute To Childhood Obesity1267 Words   |  6 Pages Man vs. Food: Fast Food Can Contribute to Childhood Obesity The United States of America has always been a safe and well-constructed country. Over the past years, it has tried to progress in numerous ways. However, America is suffering daily from obesity issues that can be prevented. America is becoming uncontrollable when it comes down to the consumption of too much fast food. When fast food was introduced to Americans, it had many advantages. These advantages have suddenly converted into disadvantagesRead MoreFast Food Restaurants, Childhood Obesity, and Healthy Eating Habits3327 Words   |  13 Pages Fast Food Restaurants, Childhood Obesity, and Healthy Eating Habits Today, fast food restaurants are often blamed for childhood obesity. This is however a simplistic point of view, there are a number of factors that contribute to the current epidemic of childhood obesity. When all is said and done, the responsibly of teaching children healthy eating habits and encouraging regular exercise to mitigate this problem lies with parents. It is estimated that as many as one in five Americans is obese

Seismic Performance Assessment For Vulnerability Analysis...

State of the Review on Seismic Performance Assessment for vulnerability analysis of RC Buildings Summary Keywords Introduction The paper is intended to present some studies undertaken in order to develop a seismic vulnerability estimation system to fit the needs of development of earthquake scenarios and of development of an integrated disaster risk management system for India. Figure 1: The components of seismic risk assessment and choices for the vulnerability assessment procedure; the bold path shows a traditional assessment method (Calvi et al. 2006). Seismic Hazard Hazard analysis is the process of quantitatively estimating the ground motion at a site or region of interest based on the characteristics of surrounding seismic sources. This study falls primarily within the disciplines of geology and seismology with input from civil engineering (FEMA, 1989). The basic methodology of hazard analysis is comprised of source modeling, wave attenuation, and local ground amplification. Deterministic Probabilistic Probabilistic assessment of seismic hazard involves determining either the probability of exceeding a specified ground motion, or the ground motion that has a specified probability of being exceeded over a particular time period. Elements/Exposure at Risk Vulnerability assessment should be done for a building that represents a building stock. This requires a standard systematic inventory system that classifies the structures according to their type,Show MoreRelatedCissp Study Guide67657 Words   |  271 Pagesthe following are basic components of a security policy EXCEPT the A. definition of the issue and statement of relevant terms. B. statement of roles and responsibilities C. statement of applicability and compliance requirements. D. statement of performance of characteristics and requirements. Answer: D Explanation: Policies are considered the first and highest level of documentation, from which the lower level elements of standards, procedures, and guidelines flow. This order , however, does not meanRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesSWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure [9.1.3] 9.1.1 Organization charts 1.4.4 Project offices Chapter 4 9.2 Building the team (.1.3) [3.5.3] [App G.2 Building teams] 9.4 Managing the team 9.3.2 Team building activities 9.2.4 Virtual teams 9.3.3.1 Team performance [9.4

Financial Information System free essay sample

A financial information system (FIS) accumulates and analyzes financial data used for optimal financial planning and forecasting decisions and outcomes. FIS is used in conjunction with a decision support system, and it helps a firm attain its financial objectives because they use a minimal amount of resources relative to a predetermined margin of safety. FIS can be thought of as a financial planner for electronic commerce that can also produce large amounts of market and financial data at once obtained from financial databases worldwide. Financial data analysis may be conducted through trend evaluations, ratio analyses and financial planning modeling. Data outputs that are produced by FIS can include operating and capital budgets, working capital reports, accounting reports and cash flow forecasts. The predictive analytics included in these applications may also narrow down exactly what could be expected from a business interaction or transaction that has yet to take place. The management of financial information in an e-commerce business is paramount in order to gain maximum operating results in the shortest amount of time. An FIS can also yield huge amounts of data for daily business operations. Financial markets traders and salespeople have the greatest demand for FIS because they work in very fast environments and their on-demand computing systems must keep up with real-time activities in order to allow these professionals to operate in real time. Broker investigating, investment and trade data along with fiscal asset classes can be relayed through an FIS. This also works for smaller businesses that need to obtain financial data about local markets. FIS is a form of real-time operating system that works to enhance financial information exchanges. Term for a system that accumulates and analyzes financial data in order to make good financial management decisions in running the business. The basic objective of the financial information system is to meet the firms financial obligations as they come due, using the minimal amount of financial resources consistent with an established margin of safety. Outputs generated by the system include accounting reports, operating and capital budgets, working capital reports, cash flow forecast, and various what if analysis eports. The evaluation of financial data may be performed through ratio analysis, trend evaluation, and financial planning modeling. Financial planning and forecasting are facilitated if used in conjunction with a DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (DSS). Features of FIS Main Modules Systems typically have three main modules. The financial accounting module records all accounting and financial transactions and produces financial statements. Funds management identifies funding sources and overall spending consistent with budgets. Controlling tracks revenue and expenses for each project or department. Processes and modules within IFIS: The following services and features are available through IFIS * Accounts Payable allows online entry of invoices and maintenance of vendor data. * Budget and Staffing provides input, storage, maintenance, and reporting of budget and staffing data. * Chart of Accounts (COA) provides codes necessary for recording, organizing, and reporting financial information. * Communications defines groups and tracks notices, bulletins, and announcements. Express Order enables online reporting, placement of telephone orders to vendors, and invoice remittances. General Accounting encompasses fund accounting, chart of accounts, system table maintenance and update, and grants and contract accounting. * Person/ Entity records and maintains basic information on individuals and entities such as vendors, third parties, and institutions. * Purchasing facilitates buying activities, such as requests for goods and services, and online ordering and buying. * Security maintains all IFIS security activities. * Travel enables online reporting and maintenance of travel accounting. * Utilities contain additional table maintenance and system features used throughout IFIS. Availability Major global software providers such as Oracle and SAP develop and sell financial information systems. Increasingly, systems are available as Internet-based applications that need not be installed on company servers. Cost Systems are not cheap. Costs include the initial software license, system installation and integration, annual maintenance contracts for support and upgrades, and staff training on system features and use. Implementation Systems need to be integrated with other business applications such as Human Resources modules on pay and benefits. Therefore, businesses often hire integration specialists. System deployment and integration is complex and time consuming, and raises overall cost Benefits A financial information system is not suitable for everyone. Due to its complexity and cost, it is better suited for medium- and large-sized organizations. Types of FIS Accounting Software Business size and needs determine the type of account software needed. A basic accounting software program can assist a business with invoicing and financial statement reporting but is limited for complex organizations, particularly ones with overseas operations. A sophisticated accounting program can incorporate sales, audit, treasury (cash management), inventory tracking and other functions. For a company with overseas operations, a sophisticated financial information system can integrate various parts of the business operations, taking into account currency conversion. Mid-Market A company needs great enhanced financial information as it becomes larger and more complex. Accounting functionality is usually bundled in a robust software package as part of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) program. ERP software combines all processes and data used by a business into a single system. A mid-market ERP program can accommodate a business with 10 to 100 employees and revenue of $10 to $50 million. Mid-market ERP software offers database capabilities and better analytics. An example of a mid-market ERP program is SAP Business One. A mid-market ERP program can cost a company as much as $75,000 as of 2011. High-End Systems Companies such as IBM utilize high-end ERP software to handle their vast operations. Examples of high-end ERP vendors include SAP, PeopleSoft, Great Plains and Oracle. A high-end financial information system can cost as much as $500,000 as of 2011 and, depending on business needs, can run into the millions of dollars. Vertical Vertical financial information systems are often proprietary in nature so no two systems are alike, even for companies within the same industry. For example, a bank can use vertical accounting software to analyze profitability by specific banking product and identify profitability by branch location. Considerations Before considering a financial information system, perform a cost-benefit analysis. You must not only account for cost but how the system should fit your business needs and whether it can grow with your business. You also have to consider implementation time, training and customer support. System Complexity * FIS is far more complex, but more dynamic, than the current FRS system. * Transactions flow through multiple modules * User training is critical and will be required to fully utilize the system. Background Current hardware based on IBM mainframe * Old technology * Expensive to maintain (Maintenance and repair parts) New System is Oracle Based * Very Robust, Modular System * Web based access Enhanced ability to encumber funds * Enhanced capabilities and future growth * Enhanced ad-hoc reporting with access to University Wide data What Are the Benefits of Financial Information Systems? A financial information system (FIS) is charged with monitoring finances within an organization or business. It takes complex data and processes it into specialized reports, saving time and effort in dealing with business accounting. While financial information systems have many benefits, it should be noted that having an FIS in place can be costly and usually requires training for those people operating the system. Accounting The center of a financial information system will be found in accounting. This area looks at the overall financial picture of a project, business or individual, incorporating both accounts payable and accounts receivable. The larger the project, the more beneficial a financial information system becomes. While an advanced system might not be necessary for an individual financial account, an organizations finances can be tracked through a financial information system. Funds Another benefit to having a financial information system in place is seen with funding. The FIS examines where funds are coming in and where funds are going out. Unlike accounting, however, FIS can make use of rigid budget controls. This enables a user to quickly identify whether or not a financial situation is developing. If funding has been designated for Maintenance for $200,000 and several servers go down and require immediate repair in the amount of $215,000, the FIS program will indicate that funding has gone over budget and will require changes to be made to the budget. Reporting Reporting is another benefit to having an FIS in place. By allowing users to examine reports on any aspect of the financial data, it assists in keeping track of past expenses, as well as projecting future expenses. In addition, it helps identify different departments and divisions that consistently go over budget, as well as which departments operate within their budget, and even which departments actually come in under budget. Specialization Specialized financial information systems are available, ranging from those designed for stock brokers and traders to medical institutions. Financial information systems used in stocks and bonds are designed to provide near-instant financial market data, projecting trends, keeping track of stock sales, and generally gathering and disseminating stock market data as quickly as possible. A medical FIS would contain patient information as it relates to payment costs for insurance purposes, as well as an extensive database of insurance claims, insurance payouts and anything else related to a medical offices finances. The Disadvantages of Accounting Information Systems Learning the System Learning an accounting information system can often be difficult and time-consuming. Individuals must be trained on a system, and this can cause a disadvantage to companies in terms of time and manpower. An accounting information system is made up of many different components, and almost all systems are computerized. Because of their complexity, some people may find them hard to use. It can take weeks or months for a person to understand an accounting system, and usually the individual still does not understand completely what the system is capable of. If the employee quits working at the organization, it can take weeks or months, once again, to train another employee. Loss of Information Accounting information systems are usually computerized. Because of this, there is always a risk of losing information through power outages or system crashes. When this happens, there is a chance that all the information in the system could be lost. Companies take precautions for this problem by backing up their files regularly and performing standard maintenance on all computer systems. They also install anti-virus software as another precaution. Still, none of these steps eliminates the potential problem that may occur. Accounting information systems store a companys financial information for years. If a system crash occurs, it causes a major disadvantage to the company. All, or some, information is lost, and theres a chance it may never be recovered. Re-evaluation Companies often change their way of doing business to keep up with the latest trends. To keep up in a demanding business world, these changes may impact an accounting system. An accounting information system is difficult to set up because every company is unique in its own way. In order to keep up with changes, accounting information systems must be re-evaluated often. Changes often need to be made in a system in order to process information efficiently. This can be a disadvantage to companies because it takes time for the re-evaluation, and it costs money.

Different Types of Threat in IT-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Identify a recently announced security vulnerability and write a profile of the threat. The profile should contain the name of the threat, the systems it attacks, how it performs its attack, mitigation strategies and concluding reflection. Answer: Introduction Information security is a major concern for most of the organizations today. This helps in protecting the integrity, confidentiality and the availability of data of computer system from the malicious systems. Information security is all about dealing with risk management. Some effective cryptographic tools are able to maintain the security of the different systems and mitigate the issues. The organizations take various precautionary measures in keeping their data secured and safe from the attackers. Still, there are chances that the machines will be attacked by bugs and malicious devices. The report takes into consideration the effects of the bug, DROWN and the mitigating options. Different types of threats There are various types of vulnerabilities that have come up in the recent years. Some of them have been mentioned in the table below. Year Name Vulnerability Mitigation 2016 DROWN Sites supporting SSLv2 and EXPORT cipher suites Disabling SSLv2 and/or updating OpenSSL. 2015 Logjam Servers that use Duffie-hellman key exchange are very much vulnerable to having the sessions downgraded to extremely week 512-bit k Mitigation can be done by disabling the DHE_EXPORT ciphers and clients must upgrade their browsers. 2015 FREAK Clients are forced to downgrade from strong RSA to export RSA since both the browser and the server are vulnerable. Mitigation is possible by disabling the export ciphers in the configuration of servers. Patching of the OpenSSL is also an option of mitigation. 2015 Bar Mitzvah Attack Exploits the encryption of RC4. The mitigation option is the disability of RC4. 2014 POODLE The server has the chance to fall back to SSLv3. Disability of the SSLv3 and the implementation of TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV. DROWN One of the most recent attack is the DROWN attack which is a cross-protocol security bug (Aviram et al., 2016). It is a serious threat that has the capability to affect HTTPS and several other services that depend on TLS and SSL, two significant cryptographic protocols for maintaining the security of internet. DROWN breaks the encryption and read as well as steal the sensitive information, communication, credit card numbers, passwords, trade secrets and financial data. As per the research, around 33% of all the HTTPS servers are able to be attacked by the bug (Tian et al., 2014). Figure 1.: Working of DROWN (Source: Chowdhury, Karmakar Kamruzzaman, 2017) It can affect all types of servers offering services encrypted with TLS but supporting the SSLv2. DROWN helps in exploitation of risks for a combination of protocols that are used as well as configuration of servers (Bozic et al., 2017). This exploitation takes into account a chosen-ciphertext attack with the help of SSLv2 server as Bleichenbacher oracle. Conclusion The report has inferred various mitigation techniques of DROWN. Other techniques have been included like the network administrators have to ensure that apart from the application of the patches, the private keys are not reused on any types of Web servers, IMAP and POP servers, SMTP servers and any other unmanaged software that can provide support to the SSL or TLS. As per the analysis, this will help in establishing the connection of SSLv2. The IPS devices must be set in such a way that it can filter out SSLv2 traffic. The embedded devices should use different RSA private keys to keep the systems protected. The report gives an in-depth insight into how the effects of DROWN can be mitigated to keep the systems safe in home and offices. References Aviram, N., Schinzel, S., Somorovsky, J., Heninger, N., Dankel, M., Steube, J., ... Ksper, E. (2016). DROWN: Breaking TLS Using SSLv2. InUSENIX Security Symposium(pp. 689-706). Bozic, J., Kleine, K., Simos, D. E., Wotawa, F. (2017). Planning-Based Security Testing of the SSL/TLS Protocol. InSoftware Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW), 2017 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 347-355). IEEE. Chowdhury, A., Karmakar, G., Kamruzzaman, J. (2017). Survey of Recent Cyber Security Attacks on Robotic Systems and Their Mitigation Approaches. InDetecting and Mitigating Robotic Cyber Security Risks(pp. 284-299). IGI Global. Tian, Y., Liu, Y. C., Bhosale, A., Huang, L. S., Tague, P., Jackson, C. (2014). All your screens are belong to us: Attacks exploiting the HTML5 screen sharing API. InSecurity and Privacy (SP), 2014 IEEE Symposium on(pp. 34-48). IEEE.